R, H., A, B. (2016). Estimation of Water Footprint Components in Barley Production at National and Provincial Scales. , 30(3), 431-443. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2016.107161
H R; B A. "Estimation of Water Footprint Components in Barley Production at National and Provincial Scales". , 30, 3, 2016, 431-443. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2016.107161
R, H., A, B. (2016). 'Estimation of Water Footprint Components in Barley Production at National and Provincial Scales', , 30(3), pp. 431-443. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2016.107161
R, H., A, B. Estimation of Water Footprint Components in Barley Production at National and Provincial Scales. , 2016; 30(3): 431-443. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2016.107161

Estimation of Water Footprint Components in Barley Production at National and Provincial Scales

پژوهش آب در کشاورزی
Article 12, Volume 30, Issue 3, November 2016, Pages 431-443    PDF (1.18 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.22092/jwra.2016.107161
Authors
H R* ; B A
Abstract
Food security, drought, environment protection, and industrial development have made efficient water resources management necessary. The concept of (virtual) water footprint (WF) has a considerable potential to help improve water resources management, especially in agriculture. In this research, WF of barley production in 15 major barley-producing provinces of Iran was estimated. WF consists of green (effective precipitation), blue (net irrigation requirements), gray (to dilute pollutants to the maximum acceptable concentration level) and white (irrigation losses) components. The results show that the average total WF in Iran’s national barley production for the period 2005-2011 is around 9172 MCM/year, of which the share of green, blue, gray and white WF were 37%, 19%, 17%, and 27 percent, respectively. Nearly 44 percent of total WF was related to the gray and white components, which is a considerable amount. Around 85 percent of the total WF in barley production is consumed in 15 major barley-producing provinces. Khorasan, Isfahan, and Fars provinces have the highest values of total WF in barley production, with 2364, 518 and 489 MCM/year, respectively. Among the 15 selected provinces, the average total WF in irrigated lands was estimated at around 3209 m3/ton with the contribution of green, blue, gray, and white components being 20%, 26%, 18%, and 36 percent, respectively. For rainfed lands, the average total WF was 2594 m3/ton with 89% and 11 percent of green and gray WF, respectively. 
Keywords
Gray water; White water; AGWAT; Water requirements
Supplementary Files
References
  1. Ababaei, B. and Ramezani Etedali, H. 2014. Estimation of water footprint components of Iran’s wheat production: comparison of global and national scale estimates. J. Environ. Process, 1: 193-205.
  2. Ababaei, B., Sohrabi, T. and Mirzaei, F. 2014. Development and application of a planning support system to assess strategies related to land and water resources for adaptation to climate change. Climate Risk Management, 6: 39-50. doi:10.1016/j.crm.2014.11.001
  3. Aldaya, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. 2010. The water needed for Italians to eat pasta and pizza.Agr. Syst., 103: 351–360.
  4. Aldaya, M.M., Allan, J.A., and Hoekstra, A.Y. 2010. Strategic importance of green water in international crop trade. Ecological Economics, 69(4): 887–894.
  5. Allan, J.A. 1997. Virtual water: A long-term solution for water short Middle Eastern economies. Paper presented at the 1997 British Assoc. Festival of Sci., University of Leeds, UK.
  6. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Drainage and Irrigation Paper 56, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
  7. Antonelli, M. and Sartori, Y. 2015. Unfolding the potential of the virtual water concept. What is still under debate? Environmental science & policy, 50 (2), 240 – 251.
  8. Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y. 2004. Water footprints of nations, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 16, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands.
  9. Faramarzi, M., Yang, H., Mousavi, J., Schulin, R., Binder, C. and Abbaspour, K. 2010. Modelling blue and green water resources availability in Iran. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 7 (3): 2609-2649.
  10. Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, T.H. 2009. The water footprint of bioenergy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(25): 10219-10223.
  11. Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. 2007. Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management, 21(1): 35–48.
  12. Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. 2008. Globalization of water: Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
  13. Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M. and Mekonnen, M.M. 2009. Water footprint manual: State of the art 2009, Water Footprint Network, Enschede, the Netherlands.
  14. Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M. and Mekonnen, M.M. 2011. The water footprint assessment manual: setting the global standard, Water Footprint Network, Enschede, the Netherlands.
  15. Hoekstra, A.Y. and  Hung, P.Q. 2002. Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 11, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
  16. Hoekstra, A.Y. and Hung, P.Q. 2005. Globalisation of water resources: International virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global Environmental Changes, 15(1): 45–56.
  17. Hoff, H., Falkenmark, M., Gerten, D., Gordon, L., Karlberg, L. and Rockstr’om, J. 2010. Greening the global water system. Journal of Hydrology, 384: 177–186.
  18. Jenkinson, D.S. 2001. The impact of humans on the nitrogen cycle, with focus on temperate arable agriculture. Plant and Soil, 228(1): 3–15.
  19. Liu J. and Yang H. 2010. Spatially explicit assessment of global consumptive water uses in cropland: green and blue water. Journal of Hydrology, 384: 187–197.
  20. Liu, J., Williams, J.R., Zehnder, A.J.B. and Yang, H., 2007. GEPIC – modeling wheat yield and crop water productivity with high resolution on a global scale. Agricultural Systems, 94: 478–493.
  21. Liu, J., Zehnder, A.J.B. and Yang, H. 2009. Global consumptive water use for crop production: The importance of green water and virtual water. Water Resources Research. 45, W05428, DOI:10.1029/2007WR006051.
  22. Mekonnen M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. 2010. A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14: 1259-1276.
  23. Mitchell, T.D., Jones, P.D., An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. International Journal of Climatology, 25: 693–712.
  24. Molden, D. 2007. Water for food, water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture, Earthscan, London, UK.
  25. Norse, D. 2005. Non-point pollution from crop production: Global, regional and national issues. Pedosphere, 15(4): 499–508.
  26. Portmann, F., Siebert, S., Bauer, C., and Doll, P. 2008. Global data set of monthly growing areas of 26 irrigated crops. Frankfurt Hydrology Paper 06, Institute of Physical Geography, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  27. Sacks, W.J., Deryng, D., Foley, J.A. and Ramankutty, N. 2009. Crop planting dates: An analysis of global patterns. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(5): 607-620.
  28. Siebert, S. and Doll, P. 2008. The global crop water model (GCWM): Documentation and first results for irrigated crops, Frankfurt Hydrology Paper 07, Institute of Physical Geography, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  29. Siebert, S. and Doll, P. 2010. Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation. Journal of Hydrology, 384: 198–207.
  30. Tian, G. 2013. Effect of Consumption of Livestock Products on Water Consumption in China Based on Virtual Water Theory. International Conference on Future Information Engineering, 5 (3):112 – 117.
  31. Wackernagel, M., and Jonathan, L. 2001. Measuring sustainable development: Ecological footprints. Centre for Sustainability Studies, Universidad Anahuac de Xalapa, Mexico.
  32. Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L., Linares, A.C., Falfan, I.S.L., Garcia, J.M., Guerrero, I.S., and Guerrero, M.G.S. 1997. Ecological footprints of nations: How much nature do they use? How much nature do they have? Centre for Sustainability Studies, Universidad Anahuac de Xalapa, Mexico.
  33. Wackernagel, M., and Rees, W. 1996. Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, B.C., Canada.
  34. Wang, Y.D., Leeb, J.S., Agbemabiesea, L., Zamea, K. and Kang, S. 2015. Virtual water management and the water–energy nexus: A case study of three Mid-Atlantic. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 98(3):76–84. 
  35. WWAP, 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a changing world, World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO Publishing, Paris/Earthscan, London.
  36. Yang, H., Wang, L., Abbaspour, K.C. and Zehnder, A.J. 2006. Virtual water highway: water use efficiency in global food trade.  Journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 3 (1):1–26.
  37. Yang, H., Wang, L., Abbaspour, K.C. and Zehnder, A.J.B. 2006. Virtual water trade: an assessment of water use efficiency in the international food trade. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10: 443–454, DOI:10.5194/hess-10-443-2006.

 

Statistics
Article View: 1,342
PDF Download: 2,299


counter
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb