Related Links
Cadmium Absorption by Tomatoes at Different Growth Stages in Polluted Soil | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی صنایع غذایی | ||
| Article 1, Volume 12, Issue 4, January 0, Pages 1-18 PDF (529.16 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/jaer.2012.100328 | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Environmental pollution by heavy metals is a growing global concern. Most heavy metals accumulate in the top soil and in the long term, increased concentrations in the soil results in increased absorption and accumulation in plants. The usual concentration of cadmium in the soil is 0.001-2.4 mg/kg of dry soil. The level of absorption and accumulation in plants depends on the type of plant, tissue make-up of the plant and physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. There is a deficit of information on the amounts of absorption and accumulation of heavy metals at different tomato growth stages. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of the level of cadmium concentration in soil on its absorption and accumulation at different stages of tomato growth using factorial experimentation in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The variables were three Cd concentrations (control treatment with no Cd; soil with 50 mg kg-1 Cd; soil with 50 mg kg-1 Cd; soil with 50 mg kg-1 Cd). The soil samples were collected from 400 ha of farmland at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran. They were sifted twice using 2 mm mesh and the treatments were prepared by adding cadmium nitrate to the soil to make homogeneous mixtures. The experiments were carried out in plastic cylinders 120 cm in length and 85 cm in diameter. The depth of the solution soil was sampled hourly and tomato organs were sampled at different growth stages to record the cadmium absorption rate. SPSS software was used to perform an analysis of variance of the data and the Duncan multiple range test was used to perform a comparison of means (P ≤ 0.05 and P≤ 0.01). Results showed that cumulative cadmium concentration differs in the tissues of the leaf, root, leg, fruit and peel in decreasing order. A negligible amount of the total cadmium added to the soil was absorbed by the plant. Total cadmium absorbed in the cellular colonies of the tomato plant in the control treatment, soil with 50 ppm added Cd, and soil with 100 ppm added Cd were 0.0384, 0.564 and 0.678 g, respectively. The results indicate a direct relationship between Cd accumulation and Cd concentration in the root region. A comparison of the outcomes indicated that increasing the cadmium concentration resulted in a reduction of tomato growth and, especially, the production rate. A 20-35% decrease in production rate was seen in 50-00 ppm cadmium exposure compared to the control. These results show that strong decreases in cadmium concentrations in the solution soil did not decrease the absorption rate of cadmium at various growth stages of the tomato. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| growth stages; tomato; Cadmium; ABSORPTION; Polluted Soil | ||
| References | ||
|
Anon. WHO. 1992. Cadmium-Environmental Aspects. Geneva. World Health Organization.
Anon. USEPA. 1995. Standard for Use Or Disposal Of Sewage Sludge. Fedral Register: Oct. 25. 60(206).
Carlos, A., Constantino, L., Garcia, F.P., Razo, L.M.D., Vazquez, R.R. and Varaldo, H.M.P. 2005. Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater in central Mexico. J. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 108, 57-71.
Carr, R. 2005. WHO guidelines for safe wastewater use: More than just numbers. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 54, 103-111.
Channey, R.L. 1980. Health risks associated with toxic metals in municipal sludge. In: Damron, G.T. (Eds.) Ann Arbor. Science Pub.
Channey, R., Baker, A., Malik, Y. and Brown, J. 2002. Phytoremediation of soil metals. J. Current Opinion Biotech. 36, 115-21.
Farshi, A.A., Shariati, M.R., Jarollahi, R., Shahabifar, M. and Tavallaei, M.M. 1999. An Estimate of Water Requirement of Main Field Crops and Orchards in Iran. Vol. 1: Field Crops. Soil and Water Research Institute. (in Farsi)
Fazeli, M.S. 1998. Enrichment of heavy metal in paddy crops irrigated by paper mill effluents near Nanjangud, Mysore District, Karnatake. India Environ. J. Geol. 34(4): 42-54.
Giordano, P.M. and Mays, D.A. 1977. Yield and heavy metal content of several vegetable species grown in soil amended with sewage sludge. In Biological Implications of Heavy Metals in the Environment. ERDA REP. Conf. 750929. Oak. Ridge. Tennessee.
Hattori, H.E., Asari, E. and C. Mitsuo. 2002. Estimate of cadmium concentration in brown rice. The 17th World Conference of Soil Science. Aug. 14-21. Thailand.
Jafarzadeh, N. 1997. Assessment the wastewater use effects in Shiraz on heavy metals concentration on soil and plants. Proceeding of the 6th Water and Soil Conference. (in Farsi)
Kabatta, A. and Pendias, H. 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. The 3rd Ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton FL.
Lasat, M. M. 2003. The use of plants for the removal of toxic metals from contaminated soil. J. Environ Pollution. 113, 121-7.
Lee, J., Reeves, R.D. and Brooks, R. 1998. The relation between nickel and citric acid in some nickel accumulation plants. Phytochemistry. 17, 1033-1035.
Markert, B. 1996. Insturmental Element and Multi-element Analysis of Plant Samples. John Wiley and Sons. Sussex. England.
Mattigod, S.V., Sposito, G. and Page, A.L. 1981. Factors affecting the solubility's of trace metal in soils. In: Dowdy, R.H. (Ed) Chemistry in the Soil Environment Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, WI.
Mostashari, M. 2002. Investigation of Quazvin soils and plants pollution with heavy metals during irrigation with wastewater. Proceeding of the 7th Water and Soil Conference. (in Farsi)
Nicholson, F.A., Smith, S.R., Alloway, B.J., Carlton-Smith, C. and Chambers, B.J. 2003. An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. J. Sci. Total Environ. 311, 205-219.
Okoronkwo, N.E., Igwe, J.C. and Onwuchekwa, E.C. 2005. Risk and health implications of polluted soils for crop production. African J. Biotech. 4(13): 1521-1524.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J. and Garate, A. 2002. Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of lactuca sp. Ca-Mn intraction. Plant Sci. 162, 761-767.
Anon. WHO. 1992. Cadmium-Environmental Aspects. Geneva. World Health Organization.
Anon. USEPA. 1995. Standard for Use Or Disposal Of Sewage Sludge. Fedral Register: Oct. 25. 60(206).
Carlos, A., Constantino, L., Garcia, F.P., Razo, L.M.D., Vazquez, R.R. and Varaldo, H.M.P. 2005. Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater in central Mexico. J. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 108, 57-71.
Carr, R. 2005. WHO guidelines for safe wastewater use: More than just numbers. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 54, 103-111.
Channey, R.L. 1980. Health risks associated with toxic metals in municipal sludge. In: Damron, G.T. (Eds.) Ann Arbor. Science Pub.
Channey, R., Baker, A., Malik, Y. and Brown, J. 2002. Phytoremediation of soil metals. J. Current Opinion Biotech. 36, 115-21.
Farshi, A.A., Shariati, M.R., Jarollahi, R., Shahabifar, M. and Tavallaei, M.M. 1999. An Estimate of Water Requirement of Main Field Crops and Orchards in Iran. Vol. 1: Field Crops. Soil and Water Research Institute. (in Farsi)
Fazeli, M.S. 1998. Enrichment of heavy metal in paddy crops irrigated by paper mill effluents near Nanjangud, Mysore District, Karnatake. India Environ. J. Geol. 34(4): 42-54.
Giordano, P.M. and Mays, D.A. 1977. Yield and heavy metal content of several vegetable species grown in soil amended with sewage sludge. In Biological Implications of Heavy Metals in the Environment. ERDA REP. Conf. 750929. Oak. Ridge. Tennessee.
Hattori, H.E., Asari, E. and C. Mitsuo. 2002. Estimate of cadmium concentration in brown rice. The 17th World Conference of Soil Science. Aug. 14-21. Thailand.
Jafarzadeh, N. 1997. Assessment the wastewater use effects in Shiraz on heavy metals concentration on soil and plants. Proceeding of the 6th Water and Soil Conference. (in Farsi)
Kabatta, A. and Pendias, H. 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. The 3rd Ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton FL.
Lasat, M. M. 2003. The use of plants for the removal of toxic metals from contaminated soil. J. Environ Pollution. 113, 121-7.
Lee, J., Reeves, R.D. and Brooks, R. 1998. The relation between nickel and citric acid in some nickel accumulation plants. Phytochemistry. 17, 1033-1035.
Markert, B. 1996. Insturmental Element and Multi-element Analysis of Plant Samples. John Wiley and Sons. Sussex. England.
Mattigod, S.V., Sposito, G. and Page, A.L. 1981. Factors affecting the solubility's of trace metal in soils. In: Dowdy, R.H. (Ed) Chemistry in the Soil Environment Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, WI.
Mostashari, M. 2002. Investigation of Quazvin soils and plants pollution with heavy metals during irrigation with wastewater. Proceeding of the 7th Water and Soil Conference. (in Farsi)
Nicholson, F.A., Smith, S.R., Alloway, B.J., Carlton-Smith, C. and Chambers, B.J. 2003. An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. J. Sci. Total Environ. 311, 205-219.
Okoronkwo, N.E., Igwe, J.C. and Onwuchekwa, E.C. 2005. Risk and health implications of polluted soils for crop production. African J. Biotech. 4(13): 1521-1524.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J. and Garate, A. 2002. Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of lactuca sp. Ca-Mn intraction. Plant Sci. 162, 761-767. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,479 PDF Download: 688 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb