The effect of traffic on forest road surface erosion (Case study: Kohmian forest- Azadshahr)

- Akay, A.E., Erdas, E.M., Reis, M. and Yuksel, A., 2008. Estimating sediment yield from forest road network by using a sediment predication model and GIS techniques. Building and Environment, 43: 678-695.

- Anonymous, 1995. Kouhmian's Forest management Plan Booklet. Golestan General Office of Natural Resources and Watershed Management, 250 p.

- Anonymous, 2000. Handbook of control and mitigation measures for silvicultural operations. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI), Unpublished draft Technical Bulletin, Research Triangle Park, USA, 202 p.

- Anonymous, 2009. Integrated water resources management guidelines river basin level. Part 1, UNESCO, 24 p.

- Appelboom, T.W., Chescheir, G.M., Skaggs, R.W. and Hesterberg, D.L., 2002. Management practices for sediment reduction from forest roads in the coastal plains. Transactions of the Asae 45(2): 337-344.

- Arnaez, J., Larrea, V. and Ortigosa, L., 2004. Surface runoff and soil erosion on unpaved forest roads from rainfall simulation tests in northeastern Spain. Catena, 57: 1-14.

- Auzet, A.V., Boiffin, J. and Ludwig, B., 1995. Concentrated flow erosion in cultivated catchments: influence of soil surface state. Earth surf. Proc. Landforms, 20: 759-767.

- Basher, L.R. and Ross, C.W., 2001. Role of wheel tracks in runoff generation and erosion under vegetable production on a clay loam soil at pukekohe, New Zealand. Soil & Tillage Research, 62: 117-130.

- Beschta, R.L., 1978. Long-term patterns of sediment production following road construction and logging in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research, 14(6):1011-1016.

- Bilby, R.E., Sullivan, K. and Duncan, S.H., 1989. The generation and fate of road surface sediment in forested watersheds in southwestern Washington. Forest Science, 35(2): 453-468.

- Bubb, K. and Croton, J., 2002. Effects on catchment water balance from the management of Pinus plantations on the coastal lowlands of south-east Queensland, Australia. Hydrology Processes, 16: 105-117.

- Bubenzer, G.D., 1979. Rainfall characteristics important for simulation. In: Proceedings of the Rainfall Simulator Workshop, Tucson Arizona, March 7-9, U.S. Department of Agriculture Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals: 22-34.

- Burroughs, E.R.Jr., Luce, C.H. and Phillips, F., 1992. Estimating interrill erodibility of forest soils. Trans Asae, 35(5): 1489-1495.

- Cornish, P.M., 2001. The effects of roading, harvesting and forest regeneration on stream water turbidity levels in a moist eucalypt forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 152: 293-312.

- Croke, J.C., Hairsine, P. and Fogarty, P., 1999. Runoff generation and redistribution on disturbed forest hillslopes, south eastern Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 216: 55-77.

- Croke, J., Mockler, S., Hairsine, P. and Fogarty, P., 2006. Relative contributions of runoff and sediment from sources within a road prism and implications for total sediment delivery. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31(4): 457-468.

- Dube, K., Megahan,W. and Mccalmon, M., 2004. Washington Road Surface Erosion Model (WARSEM) Manual. Department of Natural Resources, State of Washington, 189 p.

- Elliot, W.J., Foltz, R.B. and Robichaud, P.R., 2009. Recent findings related to measuring and modeling forest road erosion. In: Proc. 18th World IMAC/MODSIM Congress Cairns, Australia: 4078-4084.

- Elliot, W.J. and Tysdal, L.M., 1999. Understanding and reducing erosion from insloping roads. Journal of Forestry, 97(8): 30-34.

- Engel, F.L., Bertol, I., Ritter, S.R., Paz Gonzalez, A., Paz-Ferreiro, J. and Vidal Vazquez, E., 2009. Soil erosion under simulated rainfall in relation to phonological stages of soybeans and tillage methods in Lages, SC, Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 103: 216-221.

- Fahey, B.D. and Coker, R.J., 1989. Forest road erosion in the granite terrain of Southwest Nelson. New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology, 28(2): 123-141.

- Foltz, R.B., 1999. Traffic and no-traffic on an aggregate surfaced road: Sediment production differences. Paper presented at seminar on Environmentally Sound Forest Roads and Wood Transport, Rome, Italy FAO, 26p.

- Foltz, R.B. and Burroughs, ER, 1990. Sediment production from forest road with wheel ruts. In: proceedings of a symposium on watershed planning and analysis Durango CO. ASCE: 266-275.

- Foltz, R.B., Copeland, N.S. and Elliot, W.J., 2009. Reopening abandoned forest roads in northern Idaho, Quantification of runoff, sediment concentration, infiltration, and interill erosion parameters. Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 2542-2550.

- Fu, B., Newham, L.T. and Ramos-Scharron., C.E., 2010. A review of surface erosion and sediment delivery models for unsealed roads. Environmental Modeling and Software, 25: 1-14.

- Fullen, M.A., 1985. Compaction, hydrological processes and soil erosion on lomy sands in east Shropshire, England. Soil Tillage Research, 6: 17-29.

- Grace, J.M., 2002. Effectiveness of vegetation in erosion control from forest road sideslopes. Trans. Asae, 45(3): 681-685.

- Grayson, R.B., Haydon, S.R., Jayasuriya, M.D.A. and Finlayson, B.L., 1993. Water quality in mountain ash forests, separating the impacts of roads from those of logging operations. Journal of Hydrology, 150(2–4): 459-480.

- Hartanto, H., Prabhu, R., Widayat, A.S.E. and Asdak, C., 2003. factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 180: 361-374.

- Haydon, S.R., Jayasuriya, M.D.A. and O’Shaughnessy, P.J., 1991. The effect of vehicle use and road maintenance on erosion from unsealed roads in forests: the Road 11 Experiment, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Melbourne Water, report MMBW-W-0018, 131 p.

- Jordan, A. and Martınez-Zavala, L., 2008. Soil loss and runoff rates on unpaved forest roads in southern Spain after simulated rainfall. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 913-919.

- Jordan-Lopez, A., Martinez-Zavala, L. and Bellinfante, N., 2009. Impact of different parts of unpaved forest roads on runoff and sediment yield in a Mediterranean area. Science of the Total Environment, 4(7): 937-944.

- Kahklen, K., 2001. A Method for Measuring Sediment Production from Forest Roads. Research Note PNW-RN-529, Portland, OR., USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 17 p.

- Kochenderfer, J.N. and Helvey, J.D., 1987. Using gravel to reduce soil losses from minimum standard forest roads. J. Soil and Water Conservation, 42(1): 46-50.

- Luce, C.H. and Black, T.A., 1999. Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon. Water Resour. Res., 35(8): 2561-2570.

- Luce, C.H. and Black, T.A., 2001. Effects of traffic and ditch maintenance on forest road sediment production. Proceedings of the seventh federal interagency sedimentation conference, Reno, Nevada, 25-29 March: 67-74.

- Majnounian, B., Nikooy, M. and Mahdavi, M., 2005. Cross drainage design of forest road in shafarood basin. Iranian Journal of Natural Research, 58(2): 339-350.

- Megahan, W.F., 1972. Logging, erosion, sedimentation: Are they dirty words? J. Forestry, 70(5): 403-407.

- Patric, D., 1976. Designing and locating logging roads to control sediment. Journal of Forest Science, 13(1): 101-104.

- Rafahi, H.Gh., 2006. Water Erosion and Conservation. University of Tehran Press (5th edittion), 671 p.

- Ramos-Scharron, C.E. and MacDonald, L.H., 2005. Measurement and prediction of sediment production from unpaved roads, St John, US Virgin Islands. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30(10): 1283-1304.

- Ramos-Scharron, C.E. and MacDonald, L.H., 2007. Measurement and prediction of natural and anthropogenic sediment sources, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Catena, 71: 250-266.

- Reed, A.H., 1986. Soil loss from tractor wheelings. Soil and Water, 14: 12-14.

- Reid, L.M. and Dunne, T., 1984. Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resource Research, 20(11): 1753-1761.

- Sheridan, G.J. and Noske, P.J., 2007. A quantitative study of sediment delivery and stream pollution from different forest road types. Hydrological Processes, 21(3): 387-398.

- Sheridan, G.J., Noske, P.J., Lane, P.N.J. and Sherwin, C.B., 2008. Using rainfall simulation and site measurements to predict annual interrill erodibility and phosphorus generation rates from unsealed forest roads: validation against in-situ erosion measurements. Catena, 73(1): 49-62.

- Ursic, S.J., and Douglass, J.E., 1978. The effects of forestry on water resources. Proceedings of the W. Kelly Mosley Environmental Forum, May 10-11, Auburn University Press: 33-49.

- Van Lear, D.H., Douglass, J.E., Cox, S.K. and Augspurger, M.K., 1985. Sediment and nutrient export in runoff from burned and harvested pine watersheds in the South Carolina Piedmont. Journal of Environment Qual., 14(2): 169-174.

- Welsh, M.J., 2008. Sediment production and delivery from forest roads and off-highway vehicle trails in the upper South Platte river watershed, Colorado. Unpublished M.S. thesis. Fort Collins, Colorado State University, 237 p.

- Ziegler, A.D., Sutherland, R.A. and Giambelluca, T.W., 2001. Interstorm surface preparation and sediment detachment by vehicle traffic on unpaved mountain roads. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26: 235-250.