Related Links
Effect of acorn size, fencing and protective treatments (treeshelter and mulch) on establishment, growth and survival of Chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey.) seedlings in first growing season | ||
| تحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران | ||
| Article 13, Volume 18, Issue 4 - Serial Number 42, January 2011, Pages 655-639 PDF (1.01 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research article | ||
| Authors | ||
| Ali Reza Ali-Arab1; Mas'oud Tabari* 2; Mohammad Ali Hedayati3; Kambeiz Espahbodi4; Gholam Ali Jalali2 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student of Forestry, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 2Associate Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 3Assistant Prof., Office of Plantation and National Parks, Forest, Range and Watershed Organization | ||
| 4Assistant Prof., Mazandaran Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center | ||
| Abstract | ||
| The effects of acorn size, fencing and protection treatments (treeshelter and mulch) were investigated on seedling establishment of Chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia) in first growing season. For this purpose, a degraded forest in 750 m above sea level was selected in Loveh forest (Golestan province-Iran). Then, 1728 sound and ripe acorns were selected from a seed lot, collected from six parent trees located in adjacent to the examination area. Using a split-split plot design, the effects of 3 acorn size classes: small (diameter < 15 mm), medium (diameter between 15 and 17 mm) and large (diameter > 17 mm), 2 fencing levels (fenced and open), and 4 protection treatments (control, mulch, treeshelter, and treeshelter with mulch) were engaged for measuring the seedlings emergence, establishment percent, total length, and survival rate. At the end of the first growing season, seedlings originated from the large seeds had higher emergence percent, establishment percent, total length and survival rate. Fencing promoted establishment percent about twofold, and treeshelter, singly or with mulch, increased establishment percent, total length and survival. From this investigation, it can be deduced that large seeds in seed sowing can improve seedling establishment chance, provided that suitable methods of collection, sterilization and storage of seed lots are applied. Likewise, treeshelter, singly or along with mulch can improve establishment percent, total length and survival rate, however, with constructing a suitable fence around the plantation area, treeshelter and mulch treatments can be ignored. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Quercus castaneifolia; seed plantation; acorn size; fencing; treeshelter; Mulch; establishment | ||
| References | ||
|
- امیری، م.، 1386. مقایسه وضعیت (کمی و کیفی) و ساختار توده‌های طبیعی و مدیریت شده بلوط در جنگل لوه گرگان. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد جنگل‌داری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، 74 صفحه. - بی‌نام، 1351 تا 1385. سالنامه هواشناسی سالهای 1351 تا 1385. انتشارات سازمان هواشناسی کشور. - پورعسگری، ع.، 1375. تعیین بهترین تراکم کاشت بذر گونه‌های افرا (پلت) و بلوط (بلندمازو). پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد جنگل‌داری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، 115 صفحه. - خانجانی شیراز، ب. و همتی، ا.، 1385. تعیین مناسبترین زمان جنگلکاری با گونه بلندمازو (Quercus castaneifolia) در گیلان. پژوهش و سازندگی، 70: 9-2. - رسولی، م.، 1375. شیوه‌های بذرکاری گونه بلوط در شمال کشور. دفتر جنگلکاری و پارکها، سازمان جنگلها و مراتع کشور، 8 صفحه. - طبری، م. و رضایی‌پور، م.، 1388. اثر کاهش رطوبت بذر بر خصوصیات جوانه‌زنی بلندمازو (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.). جنگل و فرآورده‌های چوب، 62 (3): 299-289. - طبری، م. و قلیچ‌خانی، م.م.، 1386. اثر عمق کاشت و تاریخ کاشت روی جوانه‌زنی بذر بلندمازو. مجله منابع طبیعی ایران، 60 (3): 891-883. - علی‌عرب، ع.، 1383. اثر روشهای جنگلکاری با بذر بر نونهالهای بلندمازو (Q. castaneifolia) در تراکم‌های مختلف تاج‌پوشش. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد جنگل‌داری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، 125 صفحه. - علی‌عرب، ع.، جلالی، غ.، طبری، م.، اکبری‌نیا، م. و حسینی، م.، 1385. اثر روشهای مختلف جنگلکاری با بذر بر درصد جوانه‌زنی بذر و زنده‌مانی نونهالهای بلندمازو (Q. castaneifolia) در فصل رویش نخست. مجله منابع طبیعی ایران، 59 (2): 402-391. - فرشادفر، ع.،1370. طرحهای آماری برای تحقیقات کشاورزی (ترجمه). انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، 824 صفحه. - قلیچ‌خانی، م.م.، طبری، م.، اکبری‌نیا، م. و اسپهبدی، ک.، 1384. اثر شدت نور و هرس ریشه بر زنده‌مانی و شادابی نهال بلندمازو، مجله پژوهش و سازندگی، 69: 86-82. - کریمی‌دوست، ا.، 1382. شناخت جوامع جنگلی و ارتباط آنها با تغییر ارتفاعی در جنگل لوه. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد جنگل‌داری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، 115 صفحه. - گشتاسب میگونی، ح.، جهانشاهی، م.، کاووسی، ک. و حسن‌زاده کیابی، ب.، 1381. بررسی عادت گیاه‌خواری خوک وحشی (Sus scrofa) در پارک ملی گلستان. محیط‌شناسی، 30: 64-55. - مهاجر، ن. و میرکاظمی،ز.، 1386. بررسی مناسبترین روش بذرکاری بلندمازو (Q. castaneifolia) جهت زادآوری تکمیلی در طرح جنگل‌داری لوه. تحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران، 15 (2): 92-83. - هدایتی، م.، 1370. بلوط، معرفی و کاشت. دفتر جنگلکاری و پارکها، سازمان جنگلها و مراتع کشور، 91 صفحه. - Allen, J.A., Keeland, B.D., Stanturf, A., Clewell, A.F. and Kennedy, H.E., 2001. A guide to bottomland hardwood restoration. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Reports SRS-40, 132 p. - Bonfil, C., 1998. The effects of seed size, cotyledon reserves, and herbivory on seedling survival and growth in Quercus rugosa and Q. laurina (Fagaceae). American Journal of Botany, 85 (1): 79-87. - Bonner, F.T. and Vozzo, J.A., 1987. Seed biology and technology of Quercus. Southern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report, SO-66, 26 p. - Chaar, H., Mechergui, T., Khouaja, A. and Abid, H., 2008. Effects of treeshelters and polyethylene mulch sheets on survival and growth of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings planted in northwestern Tunisia. Forest Ecology and Management, 256: 722-731. - Costello, L.R., Peters, A. and Giusti, G.A., 1996. An evaluation of treeshelter effects on plant survival and growth in a Mediterranean climate. Journal of Arboriculture, 22 (1): 1-9. - Dubois, M.R., Chappelka, A.H., Robbins, E., Somers, G. and Baker, K., 2000. Tree shelters and weed control: effects on protection, survival and growth of cherrybark oak seedlings planted on a cutover site. New For., 20: 105-118. - Friday, J.B., 2000. Seed technology for forestry in Hawaii. CTAHR, University of Hawaii, 15 p. - Geyer, W.A., 2003. Weed barriers for tree seedling establishment in the central Great Plains. Proceedings of 13th Central Hardwood Forest conference, 2002 April 1-3; Urbana, IL. USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station: 443-446. - Gomez, J.M., 2004. Bigger is not always better: Conflicting selective pressures on seed size in Quercus ilex. Evolution, 58 (1): 71-80. - Gomez, J.M. and Hodar, J.A., 2008. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) affect the recruitment rate and spatial distribution of Holm oak (Quercus ilex). Forest Ecology and Management, 256: 1384-1389. - Hong, T.D. and Ellis, R.H., 1996. A protocol to determine seed storage behavior. IPGRI Technical Bulletin, No. 1, 62 p. - ISTA, 2008. The international rules for seed testing. The International Seed testing Association, 138 p. - Johnson, P.S., Shifley, S.R. and Rogers, R., 2002. The Ecology and Silviculture of Oaks. CABI publishing, 503 p. - Karrfalt, R.P., 2005. Acorn size effects seedling size at the Penn Nursery. USDA forest service Proceedings, RMRS-P: 65-66. - Kerr, G., 1995. The use of treeshelters; 1992 survey. FC Technical Paper No. 11, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 11 p. - Khan, M.L., 2004. Effects of seed mass on seedling success in Artocarpus heterophyllus L., a tropical tree species of north-east India. Acta Oecologica, 25: 103-110. - Kormanik, P.P., Sung, S.S., Kormanik, T.L., Schlarbaum, S.E. and Zarnoch, S.J., 1998. Effect of acorn size on development of northern red oak 1-0 seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28: 1805-1813. - Kuiters, A.T. and Slim, P.A., 2002. Regeneration of mixed deciduous forest in a Dutch forest-heathland following a reduction of ungulate densities. Biological Conservation, 105: 65-74. - Lantagne, D.O. and Miller, R., 1995. Effects of tree shelters on planted red oaks after six growing seasons. Proceedings of 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, USDA Forest Service: 515-521. - McShea, W.J. and Healy, W.M., 2002. Oak Forest Ecosystem. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 423 p. - Mirzaei, Dj., Tabari, M. and Daroodi, H., 2007. Early growth of Quercus castaneifolia seedlings as affected by weeding, shading and irrigation. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10 (15): 2430-2435. - Navarro-Cerrillo, R.M., Fragueiro, B., Ceaceros, C., del Campo, A. and del Prado, R., 2005. Establishment of Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota [Desf.] Samp. Using different weed control strategies in southern Spain. Ecological Engineering, 25: 332-342. - Oliet, J.A. and Jacobs, D.F., 2007. Microclimatic conditions and plant morpho-physiological development within a tree shelter environment during establishment of Quercus ilex seedlings. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 144: 58-72. - Ramirez-Valiente, J.A., Valladares, F., Gil, L. and Aranda, I., 2009. Population differences in juvenile survival under increasing drought are mediated by seed size in cork oak (Quercus suber L.). Forest Ecology and Management, 257 (8): 1676-1683. - Samyn, J. and De Vos, B., 2002. The assessment of mulch sheets to inhibit competitive vegetation in tree plantations in urban and natural environment. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 1 (1): 25-37. - Schmidt, R.H. and Timm, R.M., 1991. Vertebrate impacts on oak regeneration in California: A review of management options. Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings, University of Nebraska-Lincoln: 134-144. - Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Kelty, M.J. and Ashton, P.M.S., 1997. The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology. John Wiley and Sons Inc., 537 p. - Tabari, M. and Asri, M., 2008. Early growth of direct-seeded Quercus castaneifolia (C.A. Meyer) seedlings on different soils of elm-oak stands. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8 (3): 628-633. - Tabari, M., Jalali, Gh.A., Ali-Arab, A.R. and Ghanbari, M., 2007. Restoration of oak forests in soils compacted by human and livestock. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10 (9):1536-1539. - Trout, R. and Pepper, H., 2006. Forest fencing. Forestry Commission Technical Guide, 50 p. - Truax, B. and Gagnon, D., 1993. Effects of straw and black plastic mulching on the initial growth and nutrition of butternut, white ash, and bur oak. Forest Ecology and Management, 57: 17-27. - Updahaya, K., Pandey, H.N. and Law, P.S., 2007. The effect of seed mass on germination, seedling survival and growth in Prunus jenkinsii. Turkish Journal of Botany, 31: 31-36. - Westoby, M., Leishman, M. and Lord, J., 1996. Comparative ecology of seed size and dispersal. Biological Sciences, 351: 1309-1318. - Windell, K., 1991. Tree shelters for seedling protection. USDA Forest Service, Technology and Development Program 2400-Timber, Missoula, Montana, 142 p. - Xiao, Z., Zhang, Z. and Wang, Y., 2004. Dispersal and germination of big and small nuts of Quercus serrata in a subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 195: 141-150. - Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall International Inc., 660 p. - Zhang, H., Chen, Y. and Zhang, Z., 2008. Differences of dispersal fitness of large and small acorns of Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis) before and after seed caching by small rodents in a warm temperate forest, China. Forest Ecology and Management, 255 (3-4): 1243-1250. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 642 PDF Download: 500 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb