Characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri as the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot and blight of onion in Fars and Kermanshah provinces of Iran

ABBASI, V., RAHIMIAN, H. and TAJICK-GHANBARI, M. 2013. Genetic variability of Iranian strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae causing bacterial canker disease of stone fruits, European Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 135: 225–235.

ARABI, F., NIKRAVESH, Z., BABAEIZAD, V., REZAEIAN, V. and RAHIMIAN, H. 2006. Occurrence of bacterial leaf spot and blight of garden beet caused by Pseudomonassyringaepv. aptata in Iran, Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 42: 655-671. (in Persian with English summary)

AUSUBLE, F. M., BRENT, R., KINGSTON, R., MOORE, D., SEIDMAN, J., SMITH, J. and STRUHL, K. 1992. Short protocols in molecular biology: a compendium of methods from Current protocols in molecular biology, Greene Pub. Associates.

AYERS, S. H., RUPP, P. and JOHNSON, W. T. 1919. A study of the alkali forming bacteria in milk, U.S. Department of Agriculture Bull, 782p.

BROSCH, R., LEFÈVRE, M., GRIMONT, F. and GRIMONT, P. A. 1996. Taxonomic diversity of pseudomonads revealed by computer-interpretation of ribotyping data. Systematic and applied microbiology, No. 19: 541-555.‏

BULL, C. T., CLARKE, C. R., CAI, R., VINATZER, B. A., JARDINI, T. M. and KOIKE, S. T. 2011. Multilocus sequence typing of Pseudomonassyringaesensulato confirms previously described genomospecies and permits rapid identification of P. syringaepv. coriandricola and P. syringaepv.apii causing bacterial leaf spot on parsley, Phytopathology, No. 101: 847-858.

ÇEPNI, E. and GÜREL, F. 2012. Variation in extragenic repetitive DNA sequences in Pseudomonas syringae and potential use of modified REP primers in the identification of closely related isolates, Genetics and Molecular Biology, No. 35: 650–656

DYE, D. W., BRADBURY, J., GOTO, M., HAYWARD, A. C., LELLIOTT, R. A.and SCHROTH, M. N. 1980. International standards for naming pathovars of phytopathogenic bacteria and a list of pathovar names and pathotype strains, Review of Plant Pathology, No. 59: 153-168.

FAOSTAT, F. 2016. Statistical data. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Available at http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#compare.

FELSENSTEIN, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap, Evolution, No. 39:783-791.

GAŠIĆ, K., PROKIĆ, A., IVANOVIĆ, M., KUZMANOVIĆ, N. AND OBRADOVIĆ, A. 2012. Differentiation of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars originating from stone fruits, Pesticides and Phytomedicin, No. 27: 219–229.

GEORGE, R. A. 2009. Vegetable seed production, CABI.

GOTO, M. 1972. Bacterial leaf blight of onion in Japan. Plant Disease Reporter, No. 56: 490–493

HALE, C. N. 1975. Bacteriosis of leeks in New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, No. 18: 251-254.

HALL, T. A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT, Nucleic acids symposium series, No. 41: 95-98.

HIRANO, S. S. and UPPER, C. D. 1990. Population biology and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae, Annual review of phytopathology, no. 28: 155-177.‏

HUGH, R. and LEIFSON, E. 1953. The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram negative bacteria, Journal of Bacteriology, No. 66: 24-26.

IKENE, I., GRONDEAU, C., BUREAU, C. and SAMSON, R. 2003. Pseudomonas leek blight: study of seed transmission, In Pseudomonas syringaeand related pathogens (pp. 93-95). Springer, Dordrecht.‏

JOANA, G., STEVEN, V. AND ROBERTS, J. 2007. Discrimination of Pseudomonas syringae isolates from sweet and wild cherry using rep-PCR, European Journal of Plant Pathology, No.117: 383–392.

KALUZNA, M., FERRANTE, P., SOBICZEWISKI, P. and SCORTICHINI, M. 2010. Characterization and genetic diversity of Pseudomonas syringae from stone fruits and hazelnut using repetitive-PCR and MLST, Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 92: 781–787.

KERSTERS, K., LUDWIG, W., VANCANNEYT, M., DE VOS, P., GILLIS, M. and SCHLEIFER, K. H. 1996. Recent changes in the classification of the pseudomonads: an overview, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, No. 19: 465-477.

KESHTKAR, A. R., KHODAKARAMIAN, G., and ROUHRAZI, K. 2016. Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae which induce leaf spot on walnut, European Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 146: 837-846.‏

KLEMENT, Z., FARKAS, G. and LOVREKOVICH, L. 1964. Hypersensitive reaction induced by phytopathogenic bacteria in the tobacco leaf, Phytopathology, No. 54: 474-477.

KOVACS, N. 1956. Identification of Pseudomonas pyrocyanea by the oxidase reaction, Nature, No. 178: 703.

KUMAR, S., STECHER, G. and TAMURA, K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets, Molecular biology and evolution: msw054.

LAEMMLI, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature, No. 227: 680-685.

LELLIOTT, R. A. 1952. A new bacterial disease of leeks, Plant Pathology, No. 1: 84-84.

LELLIOTT, R. A., BILLING, E.and HAYWARD, A. C. 1966. A determinative scheme for the fluorescent plant pathogenicPseudomonads, Journal of Applied Microbiology,No. 29: 470–489.

LITTLE, E. L., BOSTOCK, R. M. and KIRKPATRICK, B. C. 1998. Genetic characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains from stone fruits in California, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, No. 64: 3818–3823.

LOUWS, F. J., FULBRIGHT, D. W., STEPHENS, C. T. and DE BRUIJN, F. J. 1994. Specific genomic fingerprints of phytopathogenic Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas pathovars and strains generated with repetitive sequences and PCR, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, No. 60: 2286–2295.

LOUWS, F., RADEMAKER, J. and DE BRUIJN, F. 1999. Diversity, detection, and disease diagnosis, Annual Review of Phytopathology, No. 37: 81–125.

MARQUES, A. S., MARCHAISON, A., GARDAN, L. and SAMSON, R. 2008. BOX-PCR-based identification of bacterial species belonging to Pseudomonas syringae: P. viridiflava group, Genetics and Molecular Biology, No. 31: 106-115.‏

MOLOTO, V. M., GOSZCZYNSKA, T., DU TOIT, L. J. and COUTINHO, T. A. 2017. A new pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, pathovar allii, isolated from onion plants exhibiting symptoms of blight, European Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 147: 591-603.

MORADI-AMIRABAD, Y. and KHODAKARAMIAN, G. 2017. Isolation and characterization of Erwinia piriflorinigrans causal agent flower necrosis of red poppy, Australasian Plant Pathology, No. 46: 611-616.‏

MORADI-AMIRABAD, Y., KHODAKARAMIAN, G. and ZALANDI, H. R. 2017. First report of bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Porri on onion in Iran, Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 99: 539.

MYUNG, I. S., JOA, J. H. and SHIM, H. S. 2017. Bacterial leaf spot of onion caused by Pseudomonas syringaepv. porri, a new disease in Korea, European Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 147: 591-603.

NOBLE, D. H., COTHER, E. J., HAILSTONES, D. L., FLACK, M., OXSPRING, L. and HALL, B. 2006. Characterisation of Pseudomonassyringae strains associated with a leaf disease of leek in Australia, European Journal of Plant Pathology,No. 115: 419-430.‏

PALLERONI, N. J. 1984. Family I Pseudomonadaceae. Genus I Pseudomonas. 6 Pseudomonas syringae. Pages 168-172 in: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

PALLERONI, N. J., BALLARD, R. W., ROLSTONE, E., and DOUDOROFF, M. 1972. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Among some Pseudomonasspecies. Journal of. Bacteriology, No.110: 1-11.

PALMER, B.C., and CAMERON, H.R. 1971. Comparison of Plant Pathogenic Pseudomonas by Disk Gel Electrophoresis. Phytopathology, No. 61: 984-986.

RADEMAKER, J. L. W. and DE BRUIJN, F. J. 1997. Characterization and classification of microbes by rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting and computer assisted pattern analysis. DNA markers: protocols, Applications and Overviews, 151–171.

RAHIMIAN, H. 1995. The occurrence of bacterial red streak of sugarcane caused by Pseudomonas syringaepv. syringae in Iran, Journal of Phytopathology, No. 143: 321-324.

RAHIMIAN, H. 1991. Bacterial Leaf Spot of Geranium in Mazandaran and Semnan Provinces. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, No, 27: 1-12.

RENICK, L. J., COGAL, A. G., and SUNDIN, G. W. 2008. Phenotypic and genetic analysis of epiphytic pseudomonas syringae populations from sweet cherry in Michigan. Plant Disease, No. 92: 372–378.

ROMBOUTS, S., VAN VAERENBERGH, J., VOLCKAERT, A., BAEYEN, S., DE LANGHE, T., DECLERCQ, B., LAVIGNE, R. and MAES, M. 2016. Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonassyringaepv. porri from Leek in Flanders, European journal of plant pathology, No. 144, 185-198.

ROUHRAZI, K. and RAHIMIAN, H. 2012. Characterization of Iranian grapevine isolates of Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) spp., Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 94: 555–560.

ROUMAGNAC, P., GAGNEVIN, L., GARDAN, L., SUTRA, L., MANCEAU, C., DICKSTEIN, E. R. and PRUVOST, O. 2004. Polyphasic characterization of xanthomonads isolated from onion, garlic and Welsh onion (Allium spp.) and their relatedness to different Xanthomonas species. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, No. 54: 15-24.‏

RUDOLPH, K. E. 1995. Pseudomonas Syringae Pathovars. In: "Pathogenesis and HostSpecificity in Plant Disease." (Ed): Singh, U.S., Elsevier Science, pp. 321.

SAITOU, N. and NEI, M.1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees, Molecular biology and evolution, No. 4:406-425.

SAMBROOK, J., FRITSCH, E. F. and MANIATIS, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (No. Ed. 2), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.‏

SAMSON, R., SHAFIK, H., BENJAMA, A. and GARDAN, L. 1998. Description of the bacterium causing blight of leek as Pseudomonassyringaepv. porri (pv. nov.),Phytopathology, No.88: 844-850.

SARKAR, S. F. and GUTTMAN, D. S. 2004. Evolution of the core genome of Pseudomonassyringae, a highly clonal, endemic plant pathogen, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, No. 70: 1999-2012.

SAWADA, H., SUZUKI, F., MATSUDA, I. and SAITOU, N. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of Pseudomonas syringaepathovars suggests the horizontal gene transfer of argK and the evolutionary stability of hrp gene cluster, Journal of Molecular Evolution, No. 49: 627-644.

SCHAAD, N. W., JONES, J. B. and CHUN, W. 2001. Schaad, N. W., Jones, J. B., & Chun, W. 2001. Laboratory guide for the identification of plant pathogenic, third ed, APS Press, Minnesota, 373 pp.

SERFONTEIN, J. J. 2001. Xanthomonas blight of onion in South Africa. Plant Disease, No. 85: 442.

SUSLOW, T. V., SCHROTH, M. N. and ISAKA, M. 1982. Application of a rapidmethod for gramdifferentiation of plant pathogenic and saprophytic bacteriawithout staining, Phytopathology, No. 72: 917-918.

THOMPSON, J. D., HIGGINS, D. G. and GIBSON, T. J.1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice, Nucleic acids research, No. 22:4673-4680

VAN OVERBEEK, L. S., NIJHUIS, E. H., KOENRAADT, H., VISSER, J. and VAN KRUISTUM, G. 2010. The role of crop waste and soil in Pseudomonas syringaepathovarporri infection of leek (Allium porrum), Applied soil ecology, No. 46: 457-463.‏

VANCANNEYT, M., TORCK, U., DEWETTINCK, D., VAEREWIJCK, M. and KERSTERS, K. 1996. Grouping of pseudomonads by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, No. 19: 556-568.‏

VERSALOVIC, J., KOEUTH, T. and LUPSKI, J. R. 1991. Distribution or repetitive DNA– sequences in eubacteria and application of fingerprinting of bacterial genomes, Nucleic Acids Research, No. 19: 6823–6831.

VERSALOVIC, J., SCHNEIDER, M., DE BRUIJN, F. J. AND LUPSKI, J. R. 1994. Genomic fingerprinting of bacteria using repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction, Methods in Molecular Cellular Biology, No. 5: 25–40.

WEINGART, H. AND VOLKSCH, B. 1997. Genetic fingerprinting of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars using ERIC-, REP-, and IS50 PCR, Journal of Phytopathology, No. 145: 339–345.

WEISBURG, W. G., BARNS, S. M., PELLETIER, D. A. and LANE, D. J. 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study, Journal of bacteriology, No. 173: 697-703.‏

YAMAMOTO, S., KASAI, H., ARNOLD, D. L., JACKSON, R. W., VIVIAN, A. and HARAYAMA, S. 2000. Phylogeny of the genus Pseudomonas: intrageneric structure reconstructed from the nucleotide sequences of gyrB and rpoD genes. Microbiology, No. 146: 2385-2394.‏

YOUNG, J. M., BRADBURY, J. F., DAVIS, R. E., DICKEY, R. S., ERCOLANI, G. L., HAYWARD, A. C. and VIDAVER, A. K. 1991. Nomenclatural revisions of plant pathogenic bacteria and list of names 1980-1988, Review of Plant Pathology, No. 70: 211-221.

YOUNG, J. M., SADDLER, G. S., TAKIKAWA, Y., DE BOER, S. H., VAUTERIN, L., GARDAN, L. and STEAD, D. E. 1996. Names of plant pathogenic bacteria 1864-1995, Review of Plant Pathology, No. 75: 721-763.‏