بررسی آزمایشگاهی اثرات وابسته به دوز آنتی‌بیوتیک سالینومایسین بر تخمیر شکمبه و برخی از جمعیت‌های میکروبی شکمبه با استفاده از روش Real-time PCR

AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis‎. 17^th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington‎, VA, USA‎.

Azzaz, H., Murad, H.A. and Morsy, T.A. (2012). Utility of Ionophores for Ruminant Animals: A Review. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 9: 254-265.

Barnett, A.J.G. and Reid, R.L. (1975) . Studies on production volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen I. Volatile fatty acid production from fresh grass. Journal of Agricultural Science. 48: 315-321.

Bharath Kumar, M., Sriram, P., Vijayarani, K., Vijayakumar, C. and Mathuram, L.N. (2010). Effects of salinomycin and sodium fumarate on rumen fermentation using rumen simulation technique. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 80: 638-641.

Blummel, M., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. (1997a). In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 77: 24-34.

Blummel, M., Steingab, H. and Becker, K. (1997b). The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and N-15 incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. British Journal of Nutrition. 77: 911-921.

Broderick, G.A. and Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science. 63: 64-75.

Callaway, T.R., et al. (2003). Ionophores: their use as ruminant growth promotants and impact on food safety. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology. 4: 43-51.

Cann, I.K.O., Kobayashi, Y., Onoda, A., Wakita, M. and Hoshino, S. (1993). Effects of some ionophore antibiotics and polyoxins on the growth of anaerobic rumen fungi. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 74: 127-133.

Chalupa, W. (1977). Manipulating Rumen Fermentation. Journal of Animal Science. 45: 585-599.

Chen, G.J. and Russell, J.B. (1991). Effect of monensin and a protonophore on protein degradation, peptide accumulation, and deamination by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Journal of Animal Science. 69: 2196-2203.

Collington, G.K., Parker, D.S. and Armstrong, D.G. (1990). The influence of inclusion of either an antibiotic or a probiotic in the diet on the development of digestive enzyme activity in the pig. British Journal of Nutrition. 64: 59-70.

Cooper, R.J., Klopfenstein, T.J., Stock, R.A., Milton, C.T., Herold, D.W. and Parrott, J.C. (1999). Effects of imposed feed intake variation on acidosis and performance of finishing steers. Journal of Animal Science. 77: 1093-1099.

Corpet, D. (2000). Mechanism of antimicrobial growth promoters used in animal feed. Revue de medecine veterinaire. 151: 99-104.

Dehority, B.A. (2003). Rumen Microbiology. Nothingam University Press, UK.

Denman, S.E. and McSweeney, C.S. (2006). Development of a real-time PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 58: 572-582.

Denman, S.E., Tomkins, N.W. and McSweeney, C.S. (2007). Quantitation and diversity analysis of ruminal methanogenic populations in response to the antimethanogenic compound bromochloromethane. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 62: 313-322.

Dibner, J.J. and Richards, J.D. (2005). Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry Science. 84: 634-643.

Ding, J., Zhou, Z.M., Ren, L.P. and Meng, Q.X. (2008). Effect of Monensin and Live Yeast Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Characteristics and Ruminal Fermentation Parameters in Lambs Fed Steam-flaked Corn-based Diets. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 21: 547-554.

Eugène, M., Archimède, H. and Sauvant, D. (2004). Quantitative meta-analysis on the effects of defaunation of the rumen on growth, intake and digestion in ruminants. Livestock Production Science. 85: 81-97.

Febel, H., Fekete, S. and Romvari, R. (2001). Comparative investigation of salinomycin and flavophospholipol in sheep fed different composed diets. Archiv für Tierernahrung. 54: 225-242.

Foster, W.H. (1972). A practical evaluation of five food additives likely to be used as growth promoters in broiler rations. British Poultry Science. 13: 123-131.

France, J., Dhanoa, M.S., Theodorou, M.K., Lister, S.J., Davies, D.R. and Isac, D. (1993). A Model to Interpret Gas Accumulation Profiles Associated with Invitro Degradation of Ruminant Feeds. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 163: 99-111.

Fujita, T., Itoh, T., Majima, H. and Sano, H. (2007). Influence of dietary salinomycin on feeding-induced variations of glucose kinetics and blood volatile fatty acids and insulin concentrations in sheep fed a high-roughage diet. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 20: 365-372.

Groschke, A.C. and Evans, R.J. (1950). Effect of Antibiotics, Synthetic Vitamins, Vitamin B12 and an APF Supplement on Chick Growth1. Poultry Science. 29: 616-618.

Johnson, K.A. and Johnson, D.E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 73: 2483-2492.

Kobayashi, Y., Suda, K., Wakita, M., Baran, M. and Hoshino, S. (1996). Inhibitory Effect of the Ionophore Salinomycin on Deamination by Mixed Rumen Bacteria. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 9: 45-49.

Lemenager, R.P., Owens, F.N., Shockey, B.J., Lusby, K.S. and Totusek, R. (1978). Monensin Effects on Rumen Turnover Rate, Twenty-Four Hour VFA Pattern, Nitrogen Components and Cellulose Disappearance. Journal of Animal Science. 47: 255-261.

Livak, K.J. and Schmittgen, T.D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25: 402-408.

Makkar, H.P.S., Blümmel, M. and Becker, K. (1995). Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidones or polyethylene glycols and tannins, and their implication in gas production ‎and true digestibility in in vitro techniques. British Journal of Nutrition. 73: 897-913.

McAllister, T.A., Moustafa, S.M.S., Cheng, K.J., Newbold, C.J., McKain, N. and Wallace, R.J. (1994). Effect of salinomycin on fermentation  and nitrogen  metabolism  in the artificial  rumen. Canadian Journal of Animal Science.74: 575-578.

Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Reaseach and Development. 28: 7-55.

Miyazaki, Y., Shibuya, M., Sugawara, H., Kawaguchi, O. and Hirsoe, C. (1974). Salinomycin, a new polyether antibiotic. Journal of Antibiotics. 27: 814-821.

Mohammed, N., Onodera, R. and Or-Rashid, M.M. (2003). Degradation of tryptophan and related indolic compounds by ruminal bacteria, protozoa and their mixture in vitro. Amino Acids. 24: 73-80.

Muntifering, R.B., Theurer, B. and Noon, T.H. (1981). Effects of Monensin on site and Extent of Whole Corn Digestion and Bacterial Protein Synthesis in Beef Steers2. Journal of Animal Science. 53: 1565-1573.

Nagaraja, T.G., Taylor, M.B., Harmon, D.L. and Boyer, J.E. (1987). In vitro lactic acid inhibition and alterations in volatile fatty acid production by antimicrobial feed additives. Journal of Animal Science. 65: 1064-1076.

Naujokat, C., Fuchs, D. and Opelz, G. (2010). Salinomycin in cancer: A new mission for an old agent. Molecular Medicine Reports. 3: 555-559.

Neto, G.B., Berndt, A., Nogueira, J.R., Demarchi, J.J.A.A. and Nogueira, J.C. (2009). Monensin and protein supplements on methane production and rumen protozoa in bovine fed low quality forage. South African Journal of Animal Science. 39: 280-283.

Newbold, C.J., Wallace, R.J. and McKain, N. (1990). Effects of the ionophore tetronasin on nitrogen metabolism by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Journal of Animal Science. 68: 1103-1109.

Nolan, J.V. and Dobos, R.C., 2005. Nitrogen Transactions in Ruminants, In: Dijkstra, J., Forbes, J.M. and France, J. (eds.), Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism, CABI Publishing, Walingford, UK, pp. 177-206.

Olumeyan, D.B., Nagaraja, T.G., Miller, G.W., Frey, R.A. and Boyer, J.E. (1986). Rumen microbial changes in cattle fed diets with or without salinomycin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 51: 340-345.

Ovchinnikov, Y.A. (1979). Physico-chemical basis of ion transport through biological membranes: ionophores and ion channels. European Journal of Biochemistry. 94: 321-336.

Page, S.W., 2006. Current use of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals: the benefits, In: Barug, D., De Jong, J., Kies, A.K. and Verstegen, M.W.A. (eds.), Antimicrobial growth  promoters, Where do we go from here?, Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 19-51.

Patra, A.K. and Yu, Z. (2014). Effects of vanillin, quillaja saponin, and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 98: 897-905.

Price, M.M., Einkamerer, O.B., Witt, F.H.d., Greyling, J.P.C. and Fair, M.D. (2009). The  effect  of  dietary ionophores on feedlot performance of lambs. South African Journal of Animal Science. 39: 141-144.

Richardson, L.F., Raun, A.P., Potter, E.L., Cooley, C.O. and Rathmacher, R.P. (1976). Effect of Monensin on Rumen Fermentation in Vitro and in Vivo. Journal of Animal Science. 43: 657-664.

Rogers, J.A. and Davis, C.L. (1982). Rumen volatile fatty acid production and nutrient utilization in steers fed a diet supplemented with sodium bicarbonate and monensin. Journal of Dairy Science. 65: 944-952.

Roura, E., Homedes, J. and Klasing, K.C. (1992). Prevention of immunologic stress contributes to the growth-permitting ability of dietary antibiotics in chicks. Journal of Nutrition. 122: 2383-2390.

Russell, J.B. and Strobel, H.J. (1989). Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 55: 1-6.

Rychlik, J.L. and Russell, J.B. (2002). The adaptation and resistance of Clostridium aminophilum F to the butyrivibriocin-like substance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens JL5 and monensin. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 209: 93-98.

Sirohi, S.K. and Goel, N. (2012). In vitro evaluation of salinomycin addition in wheat straw based total mixed diets on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and dry matter degradability in buffalo. Veterinary World. 5: 609-613.

Usagawa, T. (1992). Effects of Monensin and Salinomycin on the In Vitro Foam Stability of Sheep Rumen Fluid. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho. 63: 16-22.

Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral ‎detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74: 3583-3597.

Visek, W.J. (1970). Urease; its significance in birds and mammals. Agricultural Science Review. 8: 9-23.

Yen, J.T., Nienaber, J.A. and Pond, W.G. (1987). Effect of neomycin, carbadox and length of adaptation to calorimeter on performance, fasting metabolism and gastrointestinal tract of young pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 65: 1243-1248.

Yu, Z. and Morrison, M. (2004). Improved extraction of PCR-quality community DNA from digesta and fecal samples. BioTechniques. 36: 808-812.