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مروری بر فرمولاسیون آفتکشهای میکروبی | ||
| مهار زیستی در گیاهپزشکی | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 7، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 13، شهریور 1398، صفحه 39-55 اصل مقاله (201.02 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی-مروری | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/bcpp.2019.121608 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| رسول مرزبان* ؛ شهرام نعیمی | ||
| مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی | ||
| چکیده | ||
| با توجه به اثرات ناگوار استفاده از آفتکشهای شیمیایی بر محیط زیست و سلامت انسان، امروزه، کاربرد آفتکشهای زیستی (biopesticides) بهعنوان روش جایگزین، مؤثر و در عین حال بیخطر، برای کنترل آفات در برنامههای کشاورزی پایدار ضروری و حیاتی تلقی میشوند. آفتکشهای زیستی که در این جا به آنها پرداخته میشود، شامل فرآوردههایی است که حاوی میکروارگانیسمهای زنده میباشد (microbial biopesticides). اگرچه، تعداد فراوانی از سویههای مؤثر آفتکشهای میکروبی شناسایی شدهاند اما یکی از دلایل اصلی عدم موفقیت تجاری آنها، نبودِ فرمولاسیونهای مناسب میباشد. چالشهای متعدد علمی و فنی در فرآیند فرمولاسیون آفتکشهای زیستی وجود دارد. با این حال، با پیشرفتهای فنی و نگرش نوین جامعه به غذا و محیط زیست سالم، ثبت و فروش آفتکشهای زیستی در دنیا در حال افزایش بوده و پیش بینیها حاکی از افزایش فروش سالیانه آفتکشهای زیستی در سالهای آینده میباشد. در این مقاله مروری، ابتدا مقدمهای درباره ضرورت کاربرد آفتکشهای زیستی بهعنوان جایگزینی مناسب برای سموم شیمیایی و جایگاه آنها در کشاورزی نوین بیان میشود. سپس به چالشهای کلی تولید و تجاریسازی آفتکشهای میکروبی و فنِ فرمولاسیون بهطور ویژه پرداخته خواهد شد. مراحل قبل از فرمولاسیون شامل انتخاب سویه مناسب، حفظ و نگهداری طولانی مدت آن و نیز روش های تکثیر انبوه بهطور خلاصه ذکر میشود. سپس، انواع کلی فرمولاسیونها (مایع و جامد) و مزایا و معایب آنها شرح داده شده و به مواد مختلف همراه و افزودنیهای فرمولاسیون و نیز عوامل متفاوت محیطی تأثیرگذار بر فرمولاسیونها اشاره خواهد شد. در ادامه فرمولاسیونهای مختلف آفتکشهای میکروبی بهطور جداگانه و با ذکر مثال شرح داده میشود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| آفتکش بیولوژیک؛ میکروارگانیسمهای مفید؛ کنترل بیولوژیک؛ تجاریسازی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A review on the formulation of microbial-based biopesticides | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Rasoul Marzban؛ Shahram Naeimi | ||
| Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Concerning the adverse effects of the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides on the environment and human health, today, biopesticides as a safe and effective alternative are necessary for pest control in sustainable agriculture programs. The biopesticides discuss here is restricted to the products containing live microorganisms. Although, the considerable number of effective biocontrol strains have been identified, but one of the main reason in their unsuccessful commercialization is thelack of suitable formulation. There are many scientific and technical challenges in the process of biopesticide formulation. Nevertheless, due to technological advances and new social outlook toward safe food and environment, biopesticide market is growing and it is predicted that its share increases in the near future. In this review, we present an introduction about the necessity of the biopesticides application as a proper alternative to chemical pesticides and their role in modern agriculture. Then, we discuss general challenges in production, formulation and commercialization of microbial-based biopesticides. The procedures before formulation including selecting the effective strains and their preservation as well as the fermentation methods were briefly described. After that, the two types of formulation i.e. liquid and solid, their advantages and disadvantage, a various ranges of carriers and adjuvants and important environmental factors affecting the formulations were also outlined. Finally, different types of common formulation were separately introduced and exemplified. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| beneficial microorganisms, biological control, commercialization, microbial biopesticides | ||
| مراجع | ||
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