Biological control of early blight of tomato with epiphytic strains of Trichoderma

Abo–Elyousr, K.A.M., Abdel–Hafez, S.I.I. & Abdel–Rahim, I.R. 2014. Isolation of Trichoderma and evaluation of their antagonistic potential against Alternaria porri. Journal of Phytopathology, 162: 567–574.

Alvindia, D.G. & Natsuaki, K.T. 2008. Evaluation of fungal epiphytes isolated from banana fruit surfaces for biocontrol of banana crown rot disease. Crop Protection, 27: 1200–1207.

Andrews, J.H. 1992. Biological control in the phyllosphere. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30: 630–635.

Arzanlou, M., Khodaei, S., Narmani, A., Babai–Ahari, A. & Motallebi Azar, A. 2014. Inhibitory effect of Trichoderma isolates on growth of Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf spot disease on sunflower, under laboratory conditions. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 47: 1592–1599.

Babu, S., Seetharaman, R., Nandakumar, R. & Johnson, I. 2000. Efficacy of fungal antagonists against leaf blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani (Ell. and Mart.). Journal of Biological Control, 14(2): 79–81.

Benitez, T., Rincon, A. M., Limon, M. C. & Codon, A.C. 2004. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. International Microbiology, 7: 249–260.

Bisset, J. 1984.A revision of the genus Trichoderma. I. Sect. Longibrachiatum sect. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany, 62: 924–931.

Bisset, J. 1991 a.A revision of the genus Trichoderma. III. Sect. Pachybasium. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69: 2373–2417.

Bissett, J. 1991 b. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. IV. Additional notes on section Longibrachiatum. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69: 2418–2420.

Blakeman, J.P. & Fokkema, N.J. 1982. Potential for biological control of plant diseases on the phylloplane. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 20:167–192.

Brunner, K., Zeilinger, S., Ciliento, R., Woo, L.S., Lorito, M., Kubicek, C.P., & Mach, R.L. 2005. Improvement of the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride to enhance both antagonism and induction of plant systemic disease resistance. Appplied and Environmental Microbiology, 7: 3959–3969.

Chaerani, R. & Voorrips, R.E. 2006.Tomato early blight (Alternaria solani): the pathogen, genetics, and breeding for resistance. Plant Pathology, 72: 335–334.

Chaerani, R., Groenwold, R., Stam, P. & Voorrips, R.E. 2007. Assessment of early blight (Alternaria solani) resistance in tomato using a droplet inoculation method. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 73: 96–103.

Cigdem, K. & Merhi, K. 2004. In vitro antifungal activity of strains of Trichoderma harzianum. Turkish Journal of Boilogy, 28:111–115.

Cigdem, K. & Merhi, K. 2003. Isolation of Trichoderma spp. and determination of their antifungal, biochemical and physiological feature, Turkish Journal of Biology, 27: 247–253.

Dennis, C. & Webster, J. 1971.Antagonistic properties of species–groups of Trichoderma. II. Production of volatile antibiotics. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 57(1): 41–48.

Falconi, C.J. & Mendgen, K. 1994. Epiphytic fungi on apple leaves and their value for control of the postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructigena and Penicillium expansum. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz,101: 38–47.

Foolad, M.R. & Lin, G.Y. 2000. Relationship between cold tolerance during seed germination and vegetative growth in tomato germplasm evaluation. Journal of the American Society Horticultural Science, 125: 679–683.

Fritz, M., Jakobsen, I., Lyngkjær, M.F., Thordal–Christensen, H. & Pons–Kühnemann, J. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhiza reduces susceptibility of tomato to Alternaria solani. Mycorrhiza, 16: 413–419.

Gams, W. & Bissett, J. 1998.Morphology and Identification of Trichoderma. Pp. 3–34, In: Kubicek, C. P., Harman, G. E. (Eds), Trichoderma and Gliocladium. Vol. 1. Basic Biology, Taxonomy and Genetics, Taylor and Francis Ltd., London.

Harman, G.E. 2006. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology, 96:190–194.

Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., & Lorito, M. 2004. Trichoderma species– Opportunistic, avrirulent plant symbionts. Nature Review of Microbiology, 2: 43–56.

Hongsanan, S., Sanchez–Ramirez. S., Crous, P.W., Ariyawansa, H.A., Zhao, R.L. & Hyde, K.D. 2016.The evolution of fungal epiphytes. Mycosphere, 11:1690–1712.

Javadi, L. Naeimi, S., Rezaee, S. & Khosravi, V. 2014. Biological control of rice blast disease with native Trichoderma isolates in Mazandaran province, Iran. Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 2(1): 1–15. (In Persian with English summary)

Junior, V.L., MaYa, L.A., da Silva Romeiro, R. & Mizubuti, E.S.G. 2006. Biocontrol of tomato late blight with the combination of epiphytic antagonists and rhizobacteria. Biological Control, 38: 331–340.

Keswani, C., Mishra, S., Sarma, B.K., Singh, S.P. & Singh, H.B. 2014. Unraveling the efficient applications of secondary metabolites of various Trichoderma spp. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98:533–544.

Khalili, E., Sadravi, M., Naeimi, S. & Khosravi, V. 2012.Biological control of rice brown spot with native isolates of three Trichoderma species. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 43: 297–305.

Kredics, L., Hatvani, L., Naeimi, S., Körmöczi, P., Manczinger, L., Vágvölgyi, C. & Druzhinina, I. 2014. Biodiversity of the Genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma in Different Habitats. In Biotechnology and Biology of Trichoderma; Gupta, V.G., Schmoll, M., Herrera–Estrella, A., Upadhyay, R.S., Druzhinina, I., Tuohy, M., Eds.; Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 3–24.

Kubicek, C.P., Komon–Zelazowska, M., Sandor, E. & Druzhinina, I.S. 2007. Facts and challenges in the understanding of the biosynthesis of peptaibols by Trichoderma. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4: 1068–1082.

Kumar, S., Upadhyay, J.P. & Kumar, S. 2006. Biocontrol of Alternaria leaf spot of Vicia fiba using antagonistic fungi. Journal of Biological Control, 20(2): 247–250.

Lahkar, J., Borah, S.N., Deka, S. & Ahmed, G. 2015. Biosurfactant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa JS29 against Alternaria solani: the causal organism of early blight of tomato. BioControl, 60(3): 401–414.

Lal, H.C. & Upadhyay, J.P. 2002. Biological control of leaf blight caused by Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex. Pers.) Wiltshire in pigeonpea. Journal of Biological Control,16(2): 141–144.

Latha, P., Anand, T., Ragupathi, N., Prakasam, V. & Samiyappan, R. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biological Control, 50: 85–93.

Lindow, S.E. & Brandl, M.T. 2003. Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(4): 875–1883.

Lorito, M., Woo, S.L., Harman, G.E.  & Monte, E. 2010. Translational Research on Trichoderma: From 'Omics to the Field. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 48(1): 395–417.

Meena, P.D., Meena, R.L., Chattopadhyay, C. & Kumar, A. 2004. Identification of critical stage for disease development and biocontrol of Alternaria blight of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Journal of Phytopathology, 152(4): 204–209.

Metz, N. 2017. Biologicals for the control of Alternaria solani under greenhouse and field conditions. Sixteenth Euroblight Workshop, Aarhus, Denmark, Special Report No. 18: 85–90.

Monaco, C.I., Nico, A.I., Mitidieri, I. & Alippi, H.E. 1999. Saprobic fungi inhibiting tomato phylloplane as possible antagonists of Alternaria solani. Acta Agronomica Hungarica,47: 397–403.

Mukherjee, P.K., Horwitz, B.A. & Kenerley, M. 2012. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – a genomic perspective. Microbiology, 158: 35–45.

Gadhi, M.a., Nizamani, Z.A., Jatoi, G.H., Abro, M.A., Keerio, A.U., Poussio, G.B. & Qiu, D. 2018. In vitro efficacy of biocontrol agent and essential oils against leaf blight of chickpea caused by Alternaria alternata. Acta Ecologica Sinica, (in press) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.11.002

Naeimi, S., Okhovvat, S.M., Javan–Nikkhah, M., Kredics, L. & Khosravi, V. 2010.Frequency and distribution of Trichoderma spp. in the paddy rice fields of Mazandaran province, Iran. Iran Journal of Plant Protection Science, 40: 79–91. (In Persian with English summary)

Nash, A.F. & Gardner, R.G.1988. Tomato early blight resistance in a breeding line derived from Lycopersicon hirsutum PI 126445. Plant Disease, 72: 206–209.

Pandey, A. 2010. Antagonism of two Trichoderma Species against Alternaria alternata on Capsicum frutescens. Journal of Experimental Sciences, 5(1): 18–19.

Papavizas, G.C. 1985. Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Biology, ecology and potential for biocontrol. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 23:23–57.

Ramakrishnan, L., Kamalnathan, S. & Krishnamurthy, C.S. 1971. Studies on Alternaria leaf spot of tomato. Madras Agricultural Journal, 58(4): 275–280.

Ramanujam, B., Sriram, S., Rangeshwaran, R. & Honnur, B. 2015. Biocontrol efficacy of fungal and bacterial antagonists against early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 72(1): 147–148.

Reino, J.L., Guerrero, R.F.,  Hernandez–Galan, R. & Collado, I.G. 2008. Secondary metabolites from species of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma. Phytochem Rev, 7:89–123.

Sain, S.K. & Pandey, A.K. 2016. Biological spectrum of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai isolates to control fungal diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 49: 507–521.

Sarkar, S., Beura, S.K., Nandi, A., Das, S., Dash, S.K., Senapati, N., Pandey, G. & Patnaik, A. 2016. Management of early blight of tomato (Alternaria solani Ellis and Martin) by chemicals and biocontrol agents under field condition. Journal of Mycopathological Research, 54(1): 81–84.

Shahnaz, E., Razdan, V., Rezwawi, S., Rather, T., Gupta, S. & Andrabi, M. 2012. Integrated disease management of foliar blight disease of onion: a case of application of confounded factorials. Journal of Agriculture Science, 5(1): 17–22.

Shanmugam, V. & Kanoujia, N. 2011. Biological management of vascular wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycospersici by plant growth–promoting rhizobacterial mixture. Biological Control, 57: 58–93.

Sherf, A.F. & MacNab, A.A.1986. Vegetable Diseases and their Control. Wiley, New York.

Simmons, E.G. 2007.Alternaria: an identification manual. The American Phytopathological Society, Pp 500–510.

Srivastava, A.K., Singh, R.N., Kumar, S., Kashyap, P.L. & Arora, D.K. 2012. Growth promotion and management of Alternaria leaf spot in chilli by Trichoderma harzianum. International Journal of Innovative Horticulture, 1(2): 158–163.

Vannacci, G. & Harman, G.E. 1987. Biocontrol of seed–borne Alternaria raphani and A. brassicicola. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 33:850–856.

Varma, P.K., Gandhi, S.K. & Singh, S. 2008. Biological control of Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight of tomato. Journal of Biological Control, 22(1): 67–72.

Verma, M., Brar, S.K., Tyagi, R.D., Surampalli, R.Y. & Valero, J.R. 2007. Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 37: 1–20.

Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E.L., Ruocco, M., Woo, S. & Lorito, M. 2012. Trichoderma secondary metabolites that affect plant metabolism. Natural Product Communications, 7(11): 1545–1550.

White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Pp. 315–322. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Woo, S.L., Ruocco, M., Vinale, F., Nigro, M., Marra, R., Lombardi, N., Pascale, A., Lanzuise, S., Manganiello, G. & Lorito, M. 2014. Trichoderma–based products and their widespread use in agriculture. Open Mycology Journal, 8 (Suppl 1): 71–126 (M4).

Yadav, S.L., Mishra, A.K., Dongre, P.N. & Singh, R. 2011. Assessment of fungitoxicity of phylloplane fungi against Alternaria brassicae causing leaf spot of mustard. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(6): 1823–1831.

Zhong, S. & Steffenson, B.J. 2001. Virulence and molecular diversity in Cochliobolus sativus. Phytopathology, 91(5): 469–476.