اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات286
تعداد نشریات سازمان84
تعداد شماره‌ها3,014
تعداد مقالات33,693
تعداد مشاهده مقاله44,887,572
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله43,172,867
اعتضاد, سید خسرو, دانشورکاخکی, محمود, محمدی, حسین. (1401). بررسی و سنجش اثرات دسترسی مالی رسمی و غیررسمی بر تمایل به ماندگاری افراد در روستا. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 24(4), 171-202. doi: 10.30490/rvt.2021.352015.1276
سید خسرو اعتضاد; محمود دانشورکاخکی; حسین محمدی. "بررسی و سنجش اثرات دسترسی مالی رسمی و غیررسمی بر تمایل به ماندگاری افراد در روستا". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 24, 4, 1401, 171-202. doi: 10.30490/rvt.2021.352015.1276
اعتضاد, سید خسرو, دانشورکاخکی, محمود, محمدی, حسین. (1401). 'بررسی و سنجش اثرات دسترسی مالی رسمی و غیررسمی بر تمایل به ماندگاری افراد در روستا', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 24(4), pp. 171-202. doi: 10.30490/rvt.2021.352015.1276
اعتضاد, سید خسرو, دانشورکاخکی, محمود, محمدی, حسین. بررسی و سنجش اثرات دسترسی مالی رسمی و غیررسمی بر تمایل به ماندگاری افراد در روستا. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1401; 24(4): 171-202. doi: 10.30490/rvt.2021.352015.1276

بررسی و سنجش اثرات دسترسی مالی رسمی و غیررسمی بر تمایل به ماندگاری افراد در روستا

روستا و توسعه
دوره 24، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 96، اردیبهشت 1401، صفحه 171-202    اصل مقاله (942.54 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30490/rvt.2021.352015.1276
نویسندگان
سید خسرو اعتضاد1؛ محمود دانشورکاخکی* 2؛ حسین محمدی3
1دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.
2نویسندة مسئول و استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد،مشهد، ایران
چکیده
امروزه، در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه، مهاجرت از روستا به شهر از جمله مسائل اجتماعی و اقتصادی مهم به‏ شمار می‌رود. در مطالعه حاضر، با توجه به اهمیت مسئله ماندگاری در روستاهای ایران، به بررسی  رابطه میان ماندگاری افراد در روستاها و اثرات دسترسی مالی از طریق تأمین مالی درونی و بیرونی بر آن پرداخته شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان‏های گناباد، تربت‌حیدریه و سبزوار در استان خراسان رضوی بودند که از آن میان،  397 خانوار در قالب حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. میزان رضایت‌مندی افراد از سکونت در روستا به‏ عنوان متغیر وابسته (رضایت‌مندی کم، متوسط و زیاد) و متغیرهای سن، جنسیت، نوع فعالیت، سطح زیر کشت، درآمد، ارزش کل دارایی، پس‏انداز و دسترسی به اعتبارات رسمی و غیررسمی در قالب متغیرهای مستقل وارد تحلیل شدند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها، با توجه به وجود ناهمسانی در نمونه مورد بررسی، از شیوة لاجیت ترتیبی چندسطحی استفاده شد. برای تأیید وجود ناهمسانی در شهرستان‌ها و روستاهای مورد مطالعه، آماره‌‏های ضریب همبستگی درون‌گروهی (ICC) و شاخص اثر طراحی (DE) در نظر گرفته شدند و مقادیر آنها، به ‏ترتیب، برابر با  25/0 و 48/0 به‏دست آمد. از آنجا که مقادیر دو آماره بیش از 2/0 بوده، اثرات خودهمبستگی درون‌‏واحدی شایان توجه ارزیابی شده و وجود ناهمسانی در شهرستان‌ها و روستاهای مورد مطالعه پذیرفته شد؛ به دیگر سخن، در سطح شهرستان‌، دو پارامتر اصلیِ تعداد بانک نسبت به جمعیت شهر و نرخ دستمزد شهری حدود 25/0 واریانس‏های بین شهرها را نشان می‌دهند و در سطح روستاها نیز میزان همبستگی درون‌واحدی برابر با 48/0 بیانگر این است که در بین روستاها، متغیرهای اصلیِ نرخ بیکاری، وجود و عدم وجود منابع آب و متوسط سطح درآمد مردم حدود 48/0 واریانس بین روستاها را شامل می‌شوند که این ناهمسانی‌ها موجبات رضایت‌مندی از طیف زیاد به کم را مهیا می‌سازد. همچنین، سایر یافته ‏های تحقیق نشان داد که اعطای تسهیلات به خانوارهای روستایی به ‏صورت رسمی (و نه غیررسمی) باعث افزایش انگیزه آنها برای ماندن در روستا می‌شود و این افراد می ‏توانند با این تسهیلات رسمی دریافتی، کسب‏ وکارهای خود در مناطق روستایی را توسعه بخشیده، رضایت و تمایل بیشتری برای ماندن در روستا و عدم مهاجرت به شهر داشته باشند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
ماندگاری در روستا؛ اعتبارات بانکی؛ رضایت‏مندی؛ توسعه ‏یافتگی؛ مؤسسات مالی؛ لاجیت چندسطحی
عنوان مقاله [English]
Investigating Effects of Formal and Informal Financial Access on Willingness to Staying in the Village
نویسندگان [English]
S. Khosro Etezad1؛ Mahmoud Daneshvar Kakhki2؛ Hoessin Mohammadi3
1PhD Student in Agricultural Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
2Corresponding Author and Professor of Agricultural Economics Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
3Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Today, in developing countries, including Iran, migration from rural to urban areas is an important social and economic issue. Given the importance of the issue of willingness to stay in village, this study aimed at investigating the relationship between willingness to stay in village and effects of financial access through internal and external financing. The statistical population included the rural households of Gonabad, Torbat-e Heydarieh and Sabzevar counties in Razavi Khroasan province of Iran; and among them, 397 rural households were selected as the sample size. The extent of people's satisfaction with living in rural areas as dependent variable (low, medium and high satisfaction) and age, gender, type of activity, area under cultivation, income, and total value of assets, savings and access to formal and informal credits as independent variables were studied. To analyze the data, due to the existence of heterogeneity in the sample, the multilevel sequential logit method was used. To confirm the existence of heterogeneity in the studied cities and villages, the statistics of intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and design effect (DE) index were considered, resulting in 0.25 and 0.48 values, respectively. Since these values were more than 0.2, the effects of intra-unit autocorrelation were evaluated as considerable and the existence of heterogeneity in the studied cities and villages was accepted; in other words, at the city level, the two main parameters of the number of banks in relation to the urban population and the urban wage rate showed about 0.25 variances between cities, and at the village level, the intra-unit auto-correlation of 0.48 indicated that the main variables of unemployment rate, the presence or absence of water resources and the average income level of the people included about 0.48 variance between villages, which these heterogeneity would provide a wide range of satisfaction to a large extent. Also, other research findings showed that granting facilities to rural households formally (rather than informally) could increase their motivation to stay in the village, and with these formal facilities, they would be able to start their own businesses in rural areas; hence, they might have more satisfaction and desire to stay in the countryside and not migrate to the city.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Willingness to Staying, External Credits, Financial Institutions, Logit, Multilevel
مراجع
  • Afrakhteh, H. and Aghaeizadeh, E. (2011). Rural migration and hegemony of recession factors, case study: Bandar Anzali. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 30(133): 71-84. (Persian)
  • Akbarpour, M., Motiei Langroudi, H., Rezvani, M.R. and Noorbakhsh, M.R. (2014). Explaining the appropriate strategy for population retention in rural settlements, case study: Hashtrood city. Rural Research, 5(4): 893-910. (Persian)
  • Akhtar, D.N. (2012). People need more than just microfinance: evidence from Pakistan. Management Department, Yanbu University College, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 4(2): 319-329.
  • Akın, D. and Dökmeci, V. (2015). Cluster analysis of interregional migration in Turkey. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 141(3): 05014016.
  • Allen, F., Demirguc-Kunt,, A., Klapper, L. and Peria, M.S.M. (2012). The foundations of financial inclusion: understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, WPS6290. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Anthopoulou, T., Kaberis, N. and Petrou, M. (2017). Aspects and experiences of crisis in rural Greece: narratives of rural resilience. Journal of Rural Studies, 52: 1-11.
  • Armendariz, B. and Morduch, J. (2010). The economics of microfinance. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Arouri, M., Ben Youssef, A. and Nguyen, C. (2017). Does urbanization reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Vietnam, Centre Clermontois de Recherche en Gestion et Management (CRCGM), Clermont-Ferrand, France. Economic Modelling, 60: 253-270.
  • Ashraf, N., Karlan, D. and Yin. W. (2010). Female empowerment:further evidence from a commitment savings product in the Philippines. World Development., 28(3), 333-344.
  • Ayyagari, M., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V. (2010). Formal versus Informal Finance: evidence from China. Review of Financial Studies 23: 3048-3097.
  • Bani-Asadi, M., Zare Mehrjerdi, M.R. and Varmazyari, H. (2013). Investigating the economic factors affecting rural migration in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, 5(17): 183-196. (Persian)
  • Barr, M. (2005). Microfinance and financial development. Michigan Journal of International Law, 26(1): 271-296.
  • Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V. (2002). Financing patterns around the world: the role of institutions. Policy Research Working Paper 2905. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Martinez Peria, M. (2007). Reaching out: access to and use of banking services across countries. Journal of Financial Economics, 85(1): 234-266.
  • Berg, C., Emranm, M.S. and Shilpi, F., (2013). Microfinance and moneylenders: the effects of mfis on informal credit market in Bangladesh. Working Paper, World Bank Research Department.
  • Billari, F.C. and Liefbroer, A.C. (2010). Towards a new pattern of transition to adulthood? Advances in Life Course Research, 15(2): 59-75.
  • Billari, F. C., Philipov, D. and Baizán, P. (2001). Leaving home in Europe: the experience of cohorts born around 1960. International Journal of Population Geography, 7(5): 339-356.
  • Breen, R. and Buchmann, M. (2002). Institutional variation and the position of young people: a comparative perspective. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 580(1): 288-305.
  • Brück, T. and Van den Broeck, K. (2006). Growth, employment and poverty in Mozambique: issues in employment and poverty. Discussion Paper 21, January 2006.
  • Buchmann, M.C. and Kriesi, I. (2011). Transition to adulthood in Europe. Annual Review of Sociology, 37: 481-503.
  • Chen, H., Wang, X., Liu, Y. and Liu, Y. (2020). Migrants' choice of household split or reunion in China's urbanisation process: the effect of objective and subjective socioeconomic status. Cities, 102: 102669. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102669.
  • Clarke, G., , Xu, L.C. and Zou., H.F. (2003). Finance and income inequality: test of alternative theories. Policy Research Working Paper 2984. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Deakins, D., North, D., Baldock, R. and Whittam, G. (2008). SME’s access to finance: Is there still a debt-finance gap? Belfast, N. Ireland: Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
  • Debdulal, M. (2012). Microfinance and moneylender interest rate: evidence from Bangladesh. Deakin University, Burwood, Australia. World Development, 40(6): 1181-1189.
  • Deubler, S. and Schäfer, C. (2014). Rural areas and migration: To stay or not to stay? Documentary Report. Sectoral Project Migration and Development and Rural Development.
  • FAO (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03.
  • Filiztekin, A. and Gökhan, A. (2008). The determinants of internal migration in Turkey. Paper Presented at International Conference on Policy Modelling, EcoMod 2008.
  • Furstenberg Jr, F.F. (2010). On a new schedule: transitions to adulthood and family change. The Future of Children, 20(1): 67-87.
  • Ghasemi Ardahaei, A., Rostami, N. and Shiri, M. (2016). Factors affecting the tendency of rural youth of Ahar township to migrate to city. Journal of Geographic Space, 16(53): 30-32.
  • Goldstein, H. (1999). Multilevel statistical models. London: Institute of Education, Multilevel Models Project, April 1999. Available at https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/goldstein-1.pdf.
  • Greenwood, J. and Jovanovic, B. (1990). Financial development, growth, and the distribution of income. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5): 1076-1107.
  • Heath, A.F. and Richards, L. (2020). Contested boundaries: consensus and dissensus in European attitudes to immigration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(3): 489-511.
  • Herrera, C. and Sahn, D. (2013). Determinants of internal migration among Senegalese youth. New York: Cornell University.
  • Holdsworth, C. (2000). Leaving home in Britain and Spain. European Sociological Review, 16(2): 201-222.
  • Hu, F., Xu, Z. and Chen, Y. (2011). Circular migration, or permanent stay? Evidence from China’s rural-urban migration. China Economic Review, 22(1): 64-74.
  • Hussain, A. and Thapa, G.B. (2012). Smallholders’ access to agricultural credit in Pakistan. Food Security, 4: 73-85.
  • Iacovou, M. (2002). Regional differences in the transition to adulthood. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 580(1): 40-69.
  • IFC (2010). Scaling up SME access to financial services in the developing world. Washington, DC: International Finance Corporation.
  • Karbasi, A., Fahimifard, S.M. and Jahani, H. (2011). Estimation of rural-urban migration in Iran (application of self-regression model with wide intervals). Iranian Economic Research, 16(46): 97-113. (Persian)
  • Keshavarz, M., Karami, E.. and Lahsaeizadeh, A. (2013). Factors affecting rural migration due to drought: a case study in Fars province. Village and Development, 16(1): 113-127. (Persian)
  • Khandker, S.R. (2000). Savings, informal borrowing, and microfinance. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 26(2-3): 49-78.
  • Khandker, S.R. and Samad, H.A. (2013). Are microfinance participants in Bangladesh trapped in poverty and debt? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6404.
  • Khandker, S.R. and Koolwal, G.B. (2016). How has microcredit supported agriculture? Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh. Agricultural Econ0mics, 47(2): 157-168.
  • Khatir, A. (2011). Intention of migration of rural youth members and non-members of agricultural cooperatives in Marvdasht city and relationship with their attitude and knowledge of agriculture. Shiraz University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. (Persian)
  • Korfali, D.K., Üstübici, A., and De Clerck, H. (2014). Turkey: country and research areas report. Migration Research Center, Koç University, Istanbul. Available at https://mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Turkey_-Country-and-Research-Areas-Report.pdf.
  • Meng, L. and Zhao, M.Q. (2018). Permanent and temporary rural-urban migration in China: evidence from field surveys. China Economic Review, Elsevier, 51(C): 228-239.
  • Littlefield, E., Jonathan, M. and Hashemi., S. (2003). Is microfinance an effective strategy to reach the millennium development goals? CGAP Focus Note 24. Washington, DC: Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP).
  • Lutz, M., Streb, J. and Dudeck, M. (2019). Living conditions influence psychological distress of migrants in long-term imprisonment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10: 818-836.
  • Mahmoudi M., Daneshvar Kakhki, M., Shahnoushi Foroushani, N. and Mohammadi, H. (2019). Application of multi-level models in the study of factors affecting the tendency of young people to stay in rural areas (case study: selected villages of Kermanshah province). Economic Research, 54(3): 695-735. (Persian)
  • Malhotra, M., Chen, Y., Criscuolo, A., Fan, Q., , Hamel, I.I. and Savchenko, Y. (2007). Expanding access to finance: good practices and policies for micro, small and medium enterprises. World Bank Institute (WBI) Learning Resource Series. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6621.
  • Mallick, D. (2012). Microfinance and moneylender interest rate: evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 40(6): 1181-1189.
  • Manganhele, A.T. (2010). Improving access to credit for smallholder farmers in Mozambique: lessons from government efforts in developing countries of Africa and Asia. Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
  • Motiei Langroudi, H., Rezvani, R., Noorbakhsh, M.R. and Akbarpour, M. (2013). Explaining the appropriate strategic model on population sustainability in rural settlements (Seluk village of Hashtrood city). Journal of Geography and Planning, 19(52): 303-322. (Persian)
  • Meyer, R.L. (2002). The demand for flexible microfinance products: lessons from Bangladesh. Journal of International Development, 14(3): 351-368.
  • Molaei Hashjin, N., Amar, T. and Hajalizadeh, A. (2014). Challenges of rural management from the perspective of Islamic councils in population retention in villages in the central region of Ardabil. Geography, 12(40): 73-91. (Persian)
  • Mulder, C.H. and Billari, F.C. (2010). Homeownership regimes and low fertility. Housing Studies, 25(4): 527-541.
  • OECD (2006). The SME financing gap, Vol. I: Theory and Evidence. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Oluyombo, O.O. (2012). The Role of Cooperative Societies in Rural Finance: Evidence from Ogun State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of de Montfort University. United Kingdom: Leicester.
  • Özözen Kahraman, S., Çalışkan, V. and Akbulak, C. (2011). Impact of spatial differences on demographic characteristics: a comparative survey in Tuzla River Basin. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19: 406-417. DOI: 10.1016/j. sbspro.2011.05.148.
  • Rajabi Olyaei, A. (2012). Investigating the effect of migration on demographic changes in Natanz city. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Faculty of Social Sciences. (Persian)
  • Rosenberg, R. (1994). Beyond self-sufficiency: licensed leverage and microfinance strategy. Washington, DC: United State Agency for International Development.
  • Schiffer, M. and Weder, B. (2001). Firm size and the business environment: worldwide survey results. Discussion Paper 43. Washington, DC: International Finance Cor-poration.
  • Schrieder, G. and Knerr, B. (2000). Labour migration as a social security mechanism for smallholder households in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Cameroon. Oxford Development Studies, 28(2): 223-236.
  • Sirkeci, I., Cohen, J.H. and Yazgan, P. (2012). Turkish culture of migration: flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict [Türk göç kültürü: Türkiye ile Almanya arasında göç hareketleri, sosyo- ekonomik kalkınma ve çatışma]. Migration Letters, 9(4): 373-386.
  • Snijders, T. and Bosker, R. (1999). Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. London: Sage.
  • SCI (2016). Population and housing census results 2016. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). (Persian)
  • Tang, S., Long, C., Wang, R.,, Liu, Q., Feng, D. and Feng, Z. (2020). Improving the utilization of essential public health services by Chinese elderly migrants: strategies and policy implication. Journal of Global Health, 10(1): 010807. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.010807.
  • Tolay, J. (2015). Discovering immigration into Turkey: the emergence of a dynamic field. International Migration, 53(6): 57-73.
  • United Nations (2016). International migration report 2015. United Nations, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  • Westlund, H. (2018). Urban-rural relations in the post-urban world. In: A. Haas and H. Westlund (Eds) In The post-urban world: innovative transformations in global city regions. Routledge, London, pp. 70-81.
  • Xie, W., Sandberg, J., Huang, C. and Uretsky, E. (2019). Left-behind villages, left-behind children: migration and the cognitive achievement of rural children in China. Population, Space and Place, 25(8): 22-43.
  • Yalçın, C. (2004). Immigration sociology [Göç sosyolojisi]. Ankara: Memoir Publishing [Anı Yayıncılık], pp. 180-192.
  • Yaqin, S. (2017). Where are the migrants from? Inter- vs. intra-provincial rural-urban migration in China. Center for Economics, Finance and Management Studies, Hunan University, China. China Economic Review, 47: 142-155.
  • Yunus, M. (2007). Banker to the poor. India: Penguin Books.
  • Zou, X., Zhou, L., Wu, H., Chen, L., Zhou, F., Gong, C. and Ling, L. (2019). The role of tuberculosis control institutes in delivering TB information to domestic migrants in China: a multi-level analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 86: 94-101.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 460
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 237


counter
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب