Related Links
Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis of Drip Irrigation Systems (A Case Study: Qazvin Province, Iran) | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| Volume 23, Issue 87, October 2022, Pages 20-46 PDF (1012.68 K) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/idser.2022.358345.1507 | ||
| Authors | ||
| mehdie mohammadkhanie1; abbas sotoodehnia* 2; Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh2; Hadi Ramezani Etedali2 | ||
| 1phd student, Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resourses, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran | ||
| 2Associate professor, Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resourses, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Introduction Pressurized irrigation systems are efficient tools to improve agricultural water productivity. However, the implementation and operation of pressurized irrigation systems require energy supply, related tools, and equipment, followed by greenhouse gas emissions. In this regard, one of the factors in the degradation of the environment is the phenomenon of global warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. The country's agricultural authorities have considered and invested in developing and implementing pressurized irrigation systems as one of the main approaches for proper water use. Due to the phenomenon of global warming, the primary source of which is greenhouse gas emissions. Any activity in the production of equipment, energy, and mechanization of irrigation systems leads to the production of greenhouse gases, increasing the air temperature and crop water requirements. If the irrigation systems are evaluated from an environmental point of view, air pollutants emissions can be considered an influential factor. This issue has been neglected in the country concerning systems evaluation. Materials and methods In the present study, drip irrigation systems implemented in Qazvin province during 2010-2020 were randomly selected and evaluated for energy flow and greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, 17 drip irrigation systems, including pistachio, apple, peach, and nectarine crops, were randomly selected and studied in terms of energy flow and emissions of greenhouse gases. According to the energy equivalent coefficients and carbon dioxide emissions coefficient, the total input energy and carbon dioxide emissions for the drip irrigation systems were calculated. In this research, after collecting data on the drip irrigation systems, we used drilling machines, welding equipment, and manpower based on the equivalent energy extracted from the sources for each stage of equal energy in terms of Megajoules. The process of implementation and operation of the irrigation system was calculated. Then we used greenhouse gas emission coefficients for three crucial greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and methane, and considered the global warming potential of each gas using the relation that "i" is The amount of carbon dioxide equivalent to the emitted from the installation and operation of the drip system. Results and discussion The results showed that the total annual energy consumption and carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions in the evaluated irrigation systems averaged 36,2022.68 MJ per hectare and 1974.07 Kg/ha, respectively. It was found that the highest contribution of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, with 85% and 86%, respectively, are related to the operation stage of the pumping station system. Besides, the production and transporting of the system equipment accounted for 13% of energy consumption and 10.93% of carbon dioxide emission. According to the results of the energy calculations and carbon dioxide emissions and considering the operating period of 15 years for the drip irrigation systems, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission are 534,035 GJ/ha and 29.611 tons/ha, respectively. These values were calculated based on considering the processes of equipment supply, system installation, and the operation of the pumping station. Conclusion The findings of this study showed that the amount of energy consumed and carbon dioxide emissions in different stages of drip irrigation systems were very different. The energy consumption in the pumping station to provide the required working pressure had the largest impact. Energy consumption could be reduced by applying water consumption management, selecting pumps with higher efficiency, and avoiding imposing additional load on the network. On the other hand, due to the efficiency of electricity production in power plants in Iran and its efficiency of transmission and distribution, if the mentioned efficiencies were improved, the equivalent of energy consumption due to electricity consumption in the pumping stage would be reduced. Due to the topographic conditions and geometric shape of farms and their distance from factories producing equipment, energy consumption and subsequent carbon dioxide emissions for different farms will not be a fixed number. The impact of all practical steps except pumping energy consumption will be reduced annually. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Equivalent energy; Global warming potential; Energy flow; Equivalent carbon dioxide; Drip system | ||
| References | ||
|
Ahmadi, H., Javadi, M. R. & Salavati, A. (2014). Zonation of rainfall erosivity strength; using Fournier method and some interpolation techniques (a case study of Ghazvin province). Natural Ecosystems of Iran, 5(2), 1-14. (In Persian with English Summary). Alizadeh, A. (2008). Trickle irrigation (principles and practices). Imam Reza university Mashhad, Iran. Astan Ghods (in Persian). Calzadilla, A., Rehdanz, K. & Tol, R.S.J. (2008). Water scarcity and the impact of improved irrigation management. a CGE analysis. In: Kiel Working Papers 1436. Working Paper FNU-160. Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 49 pp. Daccache, A., Ciurana, J.S., Diaz, J.R. & Knox, J.W. (2014). Water and energy footprint of irrigated agriculture in the Mediterranean region. Environmental Research Letters, 9(12), 124014. Dastan, S., Soltani, A., Noormohamadi, G. & Madani, H. (2015). CO2 emission and global warming potential (GWP) of energy consumption in paddy field production systems. Journal of Agroecology, 6(4), 823-835. (In Persian). Dyer, J.A. & Desjardins, R.L. (2006). Carbon dioxide emissions associated with the manufacturing of tractors and farm machinery in Canada. Biosystem Engineering, 93 (1), 107-118. Fotros, M. H. & Barati, J. (2011). Analysis of carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption to Iran's economic sectors. an analysis of index analysis. Journal of Energy Economics Studies, 8(28), 73-49. González Perea, R., Camacho, E., Montesinos, P., Fernández García, I. & Rodríguez Díaz, J. A. (2015). Reducing the energy demand in irrigation water supply systems. In Experiences from southern Europe. In ICID Conference, Special Session ‘Irrigation and Energy’, Montpellier, France Guiso, A., Ghinassi, G. & Spugnoli, P. (2016). Carbon footprint assessment of different irrigation systems. In ICID Conference, Special Session Irrigation and Energy.Oct. Montpellier, France. Heijungs, R., GuineeÂ, JB., Huppes, G., Lankreijer, RM., Udo de Haes, HA. & Wegener Sleeswijk, A. (1992). Environmental life cycle assessment of products. part 1 and 2. Leiden University Netherlands: Centre for Environmental Science (CML);(in Dutch). Houshyar, E., Zareifard, H. R., Grundmann, P. & Smith, P. (2015a). Determining efficiency of energy input for silage corn production: An econometric approach. Energy, 93, 2166-2174. Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). (2007). Technical specification and criteria for energy consumption in plastics in primary forms and synthetic rubber production processes. 9648, 1st. Edition. 15p, ISIRI, Central Office: No.1294 Valiaser Ave. Vanak corner, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian). Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). (2009). Technical specification and criteria for thermal and electrical energy consumption in the cast iron foundry industries-Sand molding process. 11594 1st. edition. 15p, ISIRI, Central Office: No.1294 Valiaser Ave. Vanak corner, Tehran, Iran (In Persian). Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). (2011). Olefin -Energy Consumption Criteria in Production Processes. 13370, 1st. Edition. 11p, ISIRI, Central Office: No.1294 Valiaser Ave. Vanak corner, Tehran, Iran (In Persian). IPCC, (2007). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 850. Iran Ministry of Energy. (2015). Energy Balance Sheet. 596p. Tehran. Deputy Minister of Energy. (In Persian Jackson, T. M., Khan, S. & Hafeez, M. (2010). A comparative analysis of water application and energy consumption at the irrigated field level. Agricultural Water Management, 97(10), 1477-1485. Jamali, M., Soufizadeh, S. Yeganeh, B., & Emam, Y. (2021). A comparative study of irrigation techniques for energy flow and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in wheat agroecosystems under contrasting environments in south of Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 139, 110704. Kaltsas, A. M., Mamolos, A. P., Tsatsarelis, C. A., Nanos, G. D. & Kalburtji, K. L. (2007). Energy budget in organic and conventional olive groves. Agriculture ecosyste m & environment, 122(2), 243-251 Karbasioun, M., Bizmans, H. & Mulder, M. (2007). Supporting role of the agricultural extension services and implications for agricultural extension instructors as perceived by farmers in Esfahan, Iran. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 14, 31-42. Karimov, A., K., Amirova, I., Karimov, A. A., Tohirov, A. & Abdurakhmanov, B. (2022). Water, Energy and Carbon Tradeoffs of Groundwater Irrigation-Based Food Production: Case Studies from Fergana Valley, Central Asia. Sustainability, 14(3), 1451. Khalili, A., Sharzei, S. M. & Barkhordari, S. (2012). Analysis of carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Iran. Environmental Science, 38(61), 104-93. Lal, R. (2004). Carbon emission from and farm operations, Environ. Int, 30, 981-990. Maestre-Valero, J. F., Martin-Gorriz, B., Nicolas, E., Martinez-Mate, M. A. & Martinez-Alvarez, V. (2018). Deficit irrigation with reclaimed water in a citrus orchard. Energy and greenhouse-gas emissions analysis. Agricultural Systems, 159, 93-102. Management and Planning Organization of Iran (MPOI). (2005). Design Criteria for Pressurized Irrigation Systems. Tehran. Vice President of Administrative and Financial Affairs, Office of Scientific Publications and Specialized Documents (In Persian). Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, International Energy Studies Institute. (2008). Hydrocarbon balance sheet of the Ministry of Petroleum, 544 p. Tehran. The central building of the Ministry of Petroleum (In Persian). Mohammadi, A., & Omid, M. (2010). Economical analysis and relation between energy inputs and yield of greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. Applied energy, 87(1), 191-196. Nazari, B. & Yunesi, M. (2020). Analysis of the effect of actual shading area estimation using remote sensing in evaluation of water requirement estimation of orchards in the design and operation phase of local irrigation (case study: Qazvin Province). Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 6(13), 1601-1611 (In Persian).National Iranian Steel Company. (2021). Studies of the country's steel master plan. 79p. (In Persian). Ministry.of petroleum of Iran (2019). Guide for calculating and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. 79P. Tehran. General Directorate of Health, Safety, Environment, and Non-operating Defense (HSED). (In Persian). Parry, M.L., Canziani, OF., Palutikof, J P., van der Linden, P.J. &. Hanson, C.E. (2007b). Climate change. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, editors. Contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 976. Patle, G. T., Singh, D. K., Sarangi, A., & Khanna, M. (2016). Managing CO 2 emission from groundwater pumping for irrigating major crops in trans indo-gangetic plains of India. Climatic change, 136(2), 265-279. Qureshi, A. S. (2014). Reducing carbon emissions through improved irrigation management: a case study from Pakistan. Irrigation and drainage, 63(1), 132-138. Rajabi, M. H., Zeinali, E., & Soltani, E. (2012). Evaluation of energy use in wheat production in Gorgan. Journal of Plant Production Research, 19(3), 143-171. (In Persian with English Summary). Raisian Amiri, Z. & Parvaresh Rizi, A. (2013). Hydraulic Design and Evaluation of Variable Speed Pumps on Pressurized Irrigation Systems (Case study: Harkalleh-Laali Irrigation System). Journal. of Water and Soil Conservation, 21(3), 145-164 (In Persian with English Summary). Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., Mccarl, B., Ogle, S., O’Mar, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B., Sirotenko, O., Howden, M., McAllister, T., Pan, G., Romanenkov, V., Schneider, U., & Towprayoon, S. (2007). Policy and technological constraints to implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation options in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118, 6-28. Statistical Center of Iran. (2013). Results of statistics on the consumption of energy carriers and small-scale generators of mines in operation in the country - except for sand. 83p. Tehran. Head Office, Public Relations and International Cooperation (In Persian) Zhang, M. Mu. H., & Ning, Y. (2009). Accounting for energy-related CO2 emission in China, 1991–2006. Energy policy, 37(3), 767-773. Zou, X. Li. Y. E., Gao, Q., & Wan, Y. (2012). How water saving irrigation contributes to climate change resilience—a case study of practices in China. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17(2), 111-132. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,796 PDF Download: 345 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb