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اسدی کنگرشاهی, علی, اخلاقی امیری, نگین. (1402). مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 11(2), 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
علی اسدی کنگرشاهی; نگین اخلاقی امیری. "مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 11, 2, 1402, 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
اسدی کنگرشاهی, علی, اخلاقی امیری, نگین. (1402). 'مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 11(2), pp. 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
اسدی کنگرشاهی, علی, اخلاقی امیری, نگین. مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1402; 11(2): 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333

مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات

مدیریت اراضی
مقاله 6، دوره 11، شماره 2، دی 1402، صفحه 209-228    اصل مقاله (932.15 K)
نوع مقاله: مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
نویسندگان
علی اسدی کنگرشاهی* 1؛ نگین اخلاقی امیری2
1دانشیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران
2استادیار بخش علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی
چکیده
هدف از این بررسی، ارزیابی مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن برای درختان مرکبات بود. این ارزیابی می­تواند به شناخت بهتر نیاز نیتروژنی، مقدار کوددهی، زمان مناسب کوددهی، روند جذب و ذخیره­سازی نیتروژن در این درختان  منجر شود که در بهینه­سازی توصیه‌های کودی نیتروژن بسیار مؤثر است. به طور میانگین در درختان یک باغ بارده یک هکتاری مرکبات حدود 500 تا 1000 کیلوگرم نیتروژن وجود دارد که حدود 40 تا 50 درصد آن در برگ­های این درختان می­باشد و به طور میانگین  15 تا 20 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در سال در ساختار اسکلتی این درختان رسوب و ذخیره می­شود. بر اساس این نتایج و بر اساس بررسی بلندمدت آزمایش­های کوددهی با مرکبات در ایران و سایر نقاط مختلف جهان برای پایداری تولید، بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت میوه، رشد مناسب و سلامت درختان مصرف حدود 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در سال نیاز است که حدود 30 تا 50 از این نیتروژن مصرفی در تولید میوه­ها مشارکت دارد، حدود یک دهم آن در ساختار درختان رسوب و ذخیره می­شود و تعادل بین نیتروژن مصرفی و جذب شده توسط درختان با شستشوی نیتروژن از پروفیل خاک و تلفات گازی نیتروژن ایجاد می­شود. نتایج آزمایش با کودهای نشاندار (15N) نشان داد که بیشترین راندمان جذب نیتروژن در درختان مرکبات از تشکیل میوه تا بلوغ میوه رخ می‌دهد و پس از برداشت و به ویژه در زمان حداقل فعالیت (زمستان) و اوایل فصل رشد راندمان جذب بسیار کم است. بنابراین در زمانی که جذب نیتروژن از خاک هنوز بسیار کم است ذخیره نیتروژنی در بافت‌های قدیمی‌تر، بیشترین نقش در رشد و توسعه برگ‌ها، سرشاخه­ها، گل­ها و میوه­ چه ­ها در اوایل فصل رشد (شروع رشد سرشاخه ­ها، گلدهی و تشکیل میوه) دارند. همچنین نیتروژن موجود در مواد آلی خاک حدود 1000 تا 2000 کیلوگرم در هکتار در باغ­های با یک تا دو درصد ماده آلی است این نیتروژن موجود در مواد آلی خاک و نیتروژن ذخیره درختان نقش مهمی در تنظیم عرضه نیتروژن به اندام­های جدید در حال رشد و توسعه، به ویژه در شروع فصل رشد دارند. بنابراین هدف از کوددهی نیتروژن تضمین پایداری تولید، رشد مناسب درختان و بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت میوه است و کوددهی خاکی قبل از گلدهی و تشکیل میوه تاثیری در رشد سرشاخه­های بهاره، گلدهی و تشکیل میوه در سال جاری ندارد. لذا توصیه می‌شود که باغ‌داران، کوددهی قبل از گلدهی و تشکیل میوه را با حداکثر 10 الی 15 درصد نیاز سالانه درختان شروع نمایند و به تدریج، مقدار مصرف (درصدی از نیاز سالانه) را متناسب با فنولوژی رشد میوه افزایش داده و در اواسط مرحله اول تا اوایل مرحله دوم رشد میوه به حداکثر مقدار مصرف ارتقا داده شود. سپس در اواسط مرحله دوم رشد میوه (با توجه به رقم) مصرف نیتروژن متوقف یا به حداقل مقدار کاهش داده شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تعادل نیتروژن؛ تغذیه نیتروژن؛ نیاز نیتروژن؛ نیتروژن ذخیره
عنوان مقاله [English]
Management of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application in Citrus Orchards
نویسندگان [English]
Ali Asadi kangarshahi1؛ Negin Akhlaghi Amiri2
1Assistant professor, Soil and Water Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultuarl and Nutural Resources Research and Education
2Agronomy and Horticultural Science Department, Mazandaran Agricultuarl and Nutural Resources Research and Education
چکیده [English]
Management of nitrogen fertilizer application for citrus trees was evaluated to obtain an enlightened understanding of plant nitrogen requirements, amount of fertilization needed, appropriate fertilization timing, and nitrogen uptake and storage in these plants. The knowledge thus obtained could be effectively exploited toward formulating recommendations that ensure optimized nitrogen fertilization. Mature citrus trees reportedly contain 500 to 1000 kg N/ha, 40 to 50 percent of which belongs in the leaves and fruits while only 15 to 20 kg N is deposited in their skeletal structure. These findings and the long-term survey of citrus fertilization experiments in Iran and elsewhere indicate that annual application of 200 kg N/ha seems sufficient for stable fruit production, improved fruit yield and quality, and proper tree growth and health. Moreover, it is found that 30-50% of this amount of N application will be incorporated into the fruits while about one tenth will be deposited and stored in the tree, with the balance between nitrogen uptake and consumption by the tree being secured by N leaching from the soil profile and lost as gas into the air. The results of an experiment with labeled fertilizers (15N) showed that the highest N-uptake rate in citrus trees occurred during the period from fruit set to fruit maturity and, further, that N uptake was very low during the post-harvest period, especially during minimum tree activity (winter) and the beginning of the growing season. This indicates that nitrogen storage in older tissues plays the greatest role in the growth and development of leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits at the beginning of the growing season when N uptake from the soil is still very low (i.e., when branches and flowers begin to sprout and fruits are in the form). It has also been reported that the nitrogen present in soil organic matter ranges from 1000 to 2000 kg/ha in orchard soils containing 1 to 2% O.M. and that both the soil nitrogen content and that stored in the tree bodies play important roles in regulating the supply of nitrogen to new organs (i.e., leaves, blooms, and fruitlets), especially in the beginning of the growing season. It follows that the purpose behind N fertilization should be to ensure stable production, proper tree growth, and improved fruit yield and quality such that soil application of fertilizers before the flowering and fruit set stages have no effects on the growth of spring buds or flowering and fruit setting in the current year. Producers are, therefore, recommended to start fertilizer application with a maximum of 10-15% of the annual plant requirement during the period prior to flowering and fruit setting, gradually increase application rate (by some percentage of the annual requirement) as determined by the phenology of fruit growth, and increase it to its maximum rate by the middle of the first stage up to the early second stage of fruit growth. Then, in the middle of the second stage of fruit growth, nitrogen rate should be reduced to its minimum or stopped altogether (depending on plant variety).
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
N balance, N nutrition, N requirement, N storage
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