| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,034 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,949 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 45,407,698 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 68,500,631 |
صحت‌سنجی استفاده از خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز برای برآورد فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 37، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 145، دی 1403، صفحه 119-134 اصل مقاله (1.82 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2024.364785.1573 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| رضا زارعی1؛ مصطفی آدمی2؛ عبدالواحد خالدی درویشان* 3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری آبخیزداری، گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری آبخیزداری، گروه احیا مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکدة کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه و هدف فرسایش خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکلات زیست‌محیطی، منابع‌طبیعی و کشاورزی در جهان به‌شمار می‌رود. پاشمان خاک اولین مرحله بعد از برخورد قطرات باران بر سطح خاک است که موجب نابودی خاکدانه‌ها، جدا شدن ذرات خاک و سرانجام باعث فرسایش پاشمانی می‌شود. پس از این فرآیند کاهش نفوذپذیری خاک، افزایش رواناب و در نتیجه فرسایش سطحی رخ خواهد داد. بنابراین، برآورد صحیح فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی برای موفقیت اقدام‌های حفاظت خاک و مهار فرسایش و کاهش بحران‌های طبیعی ضروری است. در این راستا، روش‌های جدیدی با استفاده از عکس‌برداری و فنون پردازش تصویر برای برآورد فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی ابداع‌شده است. هدف از این پژوهش صحت‌سنجی استفاده از خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز برای برآورد فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی بود. مواد و روش‌ها ابتدا خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز با استفاده از ذرات پوکة معدنی و رنگ بتن زرد تهیه شد. سپس، خاک با بافت سیلتی-رسی-لومی از کناره‌های جادة مرزن‌آباد-کندلوس برداشت شد و خاکدانه‌های طبیعی و رنگی دست‌ساز با قطرهای 1/77، 2/89 و 4/05 میلی‌متر تفکیک شد. سپس، فرسایش سطحی در کرت‌های 20×40 سانتی‌‌متری اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین، فرسایش پاشمانی با روش فنجان پاشمان در شدت بارندگی 60 میلی‌متر در ساعت با دوام 10 دقیقه و در سه تکرار اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج و بحث نتایج نشان داد که برای قطرهای 1/77، 2/89 و 4/05 میلی‌متر خاکدانه، میانگین پاشمان خالص به‌ترتیب 73/72، 38/73 و 20/68 گرم بر مترمربع بود و میانگین پاشمان کل نیز به ترتیب 192/61، 73/97 و 44/46 گرم بر مترمربع بود. این نتایج نشان داد با افزایش قطر خاکدانه‌ها میانگین پاشمان خالص و پاشمان کل کاهش یافت. افزون‌براین، ضریب‌های تبیین روابط خطی برآورد پاشمان خالص، پاشمان کل و فرسایش سطحی با استفاده از روش خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز به‌ترتیب 82،70 و 82% بود که بیانگر کارایی قابل قبول این روش است. همچنین، برای قطرهای 1/77، 2/89 و 4/05 میلی‌متر خاکدانه میانگین هدررفت خاک به‌ترتیب 94/69، 83/22 و 42/20 گرم بر مترمربع بود. به‌بیان دیگر، فرسایش سطحی با افزایش قطر خاکدانه‌های سطح خاک کاهش یافت. نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهادها بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش می‌توان گفت با استفاده از خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز در زمان کوتاه‌تر می‌توان فرسایش پاشمانی و فرسایش سطحی را با دقت قابل‌قبول در مقیاس کرت برآورد کرد. از آنجایی‌که در این روش نمونه‌برداری از رواناب و رسوب کرت لازم نبود، هزینة انجام پژوهش‌های فرسایش و رسوب نیز کاهش یافت. همچنین، روش خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز موجب دست‌خوردگی سطح خاک نشد و از نظر محیط زیستی نیز مشکلی ایجاد نکرد. ازاین‌رو، پیشنهاد می‌شود که برای برآورد غیرمستقیم فرسایش پاشمانی و فرسایش سطحی در پژوهش‌های میدانی و آزمایشگاهی از این روش استفاده شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| رسوب؛ رواناب؛ شبیه ساز باران؛ فرسایش ورقه‌ای؛ فنجان پاشمان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Validation of the Use of Synthetic Colour-Contrast Aggregates for Estimating Splash and Surface Erosion | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Reza Zarei1؛ Mostafa Adami2؛ Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan3 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student, Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction and Goal Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental, natural resource and agricultural issues in the world. Soil splash is the initial stage following the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, leading to the breakdown of the soil aggregates and the detachment of soil particles, ultimately cousing splash erosion. This process is followed by a decrease in soil permibeality, an increase in runoff, and consequently, surface erosion. Therefore, the accurate estimation of splash and surface erosion is necessary for the success of soil conservation erosion control and reduction of natural hazards. In this regard, innovative methods have been developed that utilize photography and image processing techniques to estimate splash and surface erosion. The aim of this research was to validate the splash and surface erosion estimates using synthetic colour-contrast aggregates. Materials and Methods Synthetic colour-contrast aggregates were initially prepared using mineral pumice particles and yellow concrete colour. Then, soil with a silty-clay-loamy texture was sampled from the Marzanabad-Kandalus road bank, and natural and synthetic colour-contrast aggregates with diameters of 1.77, 2.89 and 4.05 mm were separated. Surface erosion was then measured in 20×40 cm plots. Additionally, splash erosion was measured using the splash cup method under a rainfall intensity of 60 mm hr-1 lasting 10 min in three repetitions. Results and Discussion The results showed that the average rates of net splash for different soil aggregate diameters of 1.77, 2.89 and 4.05 mm, were 73.72, 38.73 and 20.68 g m-2, respectively, and also the average rates of total splash were 192.61, 73.97, and 44.46 g m-2, respectively. These results indicate a decrease in the average amount of net and total splash with increasing in the soil aggregate diameter. The results showed that synthetic colour-contrast aggregates demonstrate an acceptable efficiency in measuring net splash, total splash and surface erosion with coefficients of determination of 82, 70 and 82%, respectively. The results also showed that the average soil loss for different soil aggregate diameters of 1.77, 2.89, and 4.05 mm, was 94.69, 83.22, and 42.20 g m-2, respectively. in other words, surface erosion decreased with an increase in the diameter of soil aggregates on the soil surface. Conclusion and Suggestions The results of this study indicate that using synthetic colour-contrast aggregates allows for a quicker and reasonably accurate estimation of splash and surface erosion at the plot scale. As this method does not require sampling runoff and sediment from the plot, it reduces the cost of erosion and sediment research. Additionally, the synthetic colour-contrast aggregates do not disturb the soil surface and are environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method for indirect estimation of splash and surface erosion in field and laboratory studies. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Rainfall simulator, runoff, sediment, splash cup, surface erosion | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Assouline, S. 2011. Soil Surface Sealing and Crusting. In: Gliński, J., Horabik, J., Lipiec, J. (eds), Encyclopedia of Agrophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 786-791. Doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_156 Baliani A, Vaezi A. 2017. The susceptibility of different texture soils to splash erosion under different rainfall intensity and antecedent water content. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation. 24(2): 67-85. (In Persian). Doi.org/ 10.22069/jwfst.2017.3676 Bayramin IO, Baskan D, Parlak M. 2003. Soil erosion risk assessment with ICONA model. Case study: Beypazarı Area. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 27(2): 105-116. Borrelli P, Alewell C, Alvarez P, Anache JAA, Baartman J, Ballabio C, Bezak N, Biddoccu M, Cerda A, Chalise D, Chen S, Chen W, Maria De, Girolamo A, DestaGessesse G, Deumlich D, Diodato N, Efthimiou N, Erpul G, Fiener P, Freppaz M, Panagos P. 2021. Soil erosion modelling: A global review and statistical analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 780: 146494. Doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146494 Burylo M, Dutoit T, Rey f. 2014. Species traits as practical tools for ecological restoration of marly eroded lands. Restoration Ecology. 22(5): 633-640. Doi.org/10.1111/rec.12113 Choo H, Park KH, Won J, Burns SE. 2018. Resistance of coarse-grained particles against raindrop splash and its relation with splash erosion. Soil and Tillage Research .184: 1-10. Doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.06.009 Darboux F, Davy P, Gascuel-Odoux C, Huang C. 2002. Evolution of soil surface roughness and flow path connectivity in overland flow experiments. Catena. 46(2-3):125-139. Doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00162-X Deasy C, Quinton JN. 2010. Use of rare earth oxides as tracers to identify sediment source areas for agricultural hillslopes. Solid Earth. 1(1): 111-118. Doi.org/10.5194/se-1-111-2010 Defersha, MB, Quraishi S, Melesse A. 2011. The effect of slope steepness and antecedent moisture content on interrail erosion, runoff and sediment size distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 15(7): 2367-2375. Doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2367-2011 Deviren Saygin S, Erpul G. 2012. Interactive assessment of the splash erosion and aggregate breakdown mechanism for the soils of different semi-arid land uses. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 786 p. Gholami L, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M. 2016: Different effects of sheep manure conditioner on runoff and soil loss components in eroded soil. Catena. 139: 99-104. Doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.12.011 Giovannini G, Vallejo R, Lucchesi S, Bautista S, Ciompi S, Llovet J. 2001. Effects of land use and eventual fire on soil erodibility in dry mediterranean conditions. Forest Ecology and Management. 147(1): 15-23. Doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00437-0 Grandinetti L, Cantero‐Martínez C, Ramos MC. 2022. Aggregate stability and soil surface sealing in irrigated soils under no‐tillage versus conventional tillage. Land Degradation and Development. 33(13): 2379-2389. Doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4316 Hawke RM, Price AG, Bryan BR. 2006. The effect of initial soil water content and rainfall intensity on near-surface soil hydrologic conductivity: A laboratory investigation. Catena. 65(3): 237-246. Doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.11.013 Khaledi darvishan A, Homayonfar V, Sadeghi SHR. 2016. Designing, construction and calibration of a portable rainfall simulator for field runoff and soil erosion studies. Iranian Journal OF Watershed Management Science and Engineering. 10(34): 105-112. (In Persian). Khaledi Darvishan A, Katebikord A, Gholami L, Filipovic M, Spalevic V. 2023. Evaluation of synthetic-colour-contrast aggregates for soil splash measurement. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology. 23(8): 3433-3439. Khaledi Darvishan A, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M, Arabkhedri M. 2014. Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic colour-contrast aggregates. Hydrological Processes. 28(15): 4463-4471. Doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9956 Khaledi Darvishan A, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M, Arabkhedri M. 2021. Sediment budgeting in laboratory plots under rainfall simulation. Watershed Management Research Journal. 34(2): 15-31. (In Persian). Doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2020.123819.1164 Khaledi Darvishan, A, H. Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M, Arab khedri M. 2014. Influence of start time and runoff Khaledi Darvishan A, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M, Arankhedri M. 2012. Potential use of synthetic colour-contrast aggregates and a digital image processing technique in soil splash measurements. IAHS Publication. 356: 364-368. Khaledi Darvishan A, Sharifi Moghadam E.2016. Effects of aggregate diameter on soil splash under laboratorial conditions. jwmseir. 10(32): 33-38 (In Persian). Khodadadi M, Alewell C, Mirzaei M, Ehssan-Malahat E, Asadzadeh F, Strauss P, Meusburger K. 2023. Understanding deforestation impacts on soil erosion rates using 137Cs, 239+ 240Pu, and 210Pbex and soil physicochemical properties in western Iran. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 257: 107078. Doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107078 Kukal SS, Sarkar M. 2010: Splash erosion and infiltration in relation to mulching and polyviny1 alcohol application in semi-arid tropics. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 56(6): 697-705. Doi.org/10.1080/03650340903208871 Kukal SS, Sarkar M. 2011. Laboratory simulation studies on splash erosion and crusting in relation to surface roughness and raindrop size. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 59(1): 87-93. Laburda T, Krása J, Zumr D, Devátý J, Vrána M, Zambon N, Dostál T. 2021. SfM‐MVS Photogrammetry for splash erosion monitoring under natural rainfall. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 46(5): 1067-1082. Doi.org/10.1002/esp.5087 Leguédois S, Planchon O, Legout C, Le Bissonnais Y. 2005. Splash projection distance for aggregated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 69(1): 30-37. Doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0030 Li H, Guan Q, Sun Y, Wang Q, Liang L, Ma Y, Du Q. 2022. Spatiotemporal analysis of the quantitative attribution of soil water erosion in the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin based on the RUSLE-TLSD model. Catena. 212: 106081. Doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106081 Li Y, Li K, Cai L, Zhu D, Liu Z, Wei X. 2023. Assessment of soil redistribution in a typical karst catchment using 137Cs. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 257: 107087. Doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107087 Liu J, Hu F, Xu C, Du W, Yu Z, Zhao S, Zheng F. 2022. Specific ion effects on soil aggregate stability and rainfall splash erosion. International Soil and Water Conservation Research.10(4): 557-564. Doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2022.02.001 Ma G, Li G, Mu X, Hou W, Ren Y, Yang M. 2022. Effect of raindrop splashes on topsoil structure and infiltration characteristics. Catena. 212: 106040. Doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106040 Meena RS, Lal R, Yadav GS. 2020. Long-term impacts of topsoil depth and amendments on soil physical and hydrological properties of an Alfisol in central Ohio, USA. Geoderma. 363: 114164. Doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114164 Mertens G, Elsen J. 2006. Use of computer assisted image analysis for the determination of the grain-size distribution of sands used in mortars. Cement and Concrete Research. 36(8): 1453-1459. Doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.004 Morgan RPC. 1978. Field studies of rains plash erosion. Earth Surface Processes. 3(3):295-299. Doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290030308 Movahedan M, Abbasi N, Keramati M. 2013. Effect of polyvinyl acetate polymer on stability of dry aggregates. Iranian Journal of Soil Research. 27(1): 71-83. (In Persian). Doi.org/10.22092/ijsr.2013.126225 Nanko K, Mizugaki S, Onda Y. 2008. Estimation of soil splash detachment rates on the forest floor of an unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation based on field measurements of throughfall drop sizes and velocities. Catena. 72(3): 348-361. Doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.07.002 Parsons AJ, Onda Y, Noguchi T, Patin J, Cooper J, Wainwright J, Sakai N. 2014. The use of RFID in soil-erosion research. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 39(12): 1693-1696. Doi.org/10.1002/esp.3628 Refahi H. 2015. Water erosion and its control. Fifth Edition. Tehran University Press. 671 p. (In Persian). Roy P, Pal SC, Chakrabortty R, Saha A, Chowdhuri I. 2023. A systematic review on climate change and geo‐environmental factors induced land degradation: Processes, policy‐practice gap and its management strategies. Geological Journal. 58(9): 3487-3514. Doi.org/10.1002/gj.4649 Sadeghi SHR, Gholami L, Sharifi Moghadam E, Khaledi Darvishan A. 2015. Scale effect on runoff and soil loss control using rice straw mulch under laboratory conditions. Solid Earth. 6(1): 1-8. Doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1-2015 Sadeghi SHR, Kalehhouei M, Noori A, Naderi Marangelu N, Havasi M, Payfeshoordeh A, Khairparast M, Mostafaei Younjali S, Pirooznia Z, Hamzeh Bibalani M. 2023. Spatial soil erosion risk at the Brimvand watershed in kermanshah province, Iran. Water and Soil. 37(3): 443-456. (In Persian). Doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2023.80775.1247 Sadeghi SHR, Sharifi Moghadam E, Khaledi Darvishan A. 2016. Effects of subsequent rainfall events on runoff and soil erosion components from small plots treated by vinasse. Catena. 138: 1-12. Doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.11.007 Sun X, Miao L, Wang H, Chen R, Wu L. 2022. Bio-cementation for the mitigation of surface erosion in loess slopes based on simulation experiment. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 22(6): 1804-1818. Doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03190-3 Sutherland RA, Wan Y, Ziegler AD, Lee CT, El-Swaify V. 1996. Splash and wash dynamics: an experimental investigation using an Oxisol. Geoderma. 69(1-2): 85-103. Doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(95)00053-4 Torri D, Poesen J. 1992. The effect of soil surface slope on raindrop detachment. Catena 19(6): 561–578. Doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(92)90053-E Valette G, Prévost S, Lucas L, Léonard J. 2006. SoDA Project: A simulation of soil surface degradation by rainfall. Computers and Graphics. 30(4): 494-506. Doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2006.03.016 Walling DE, Collins AL, Sichinabula HA, Leeks GJL. 2001. lntegrated assessment of catchment suspended sediment budgets, a Zambian example. Land and Degradation Development. 12(5): 387-415. Doi.org/10.1002/ldr.461 Wang X, Qin X, Tan J, Yang L, Ou L, Duan X, Deng Y. 2023. Effect of the moisture content and dry density on the shear strength parameters of collapsing wall in hilly granite areas of South China. International Soil and Water Conservation Research. Doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2023.09.006 Wang, X. 2022. Managing land carrying capacity: Key to achieving sustainable production systems for food security. Land. 11(4): 484. Doi.org/10.3390/land11040484 Wei L, Zhang B, Wang M. 2007. Effects of antecedent soil moisture on runoff and soil erosion in alley cropping systems. Agricultural Water Management. 94(1): 54-62. Doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.08.007 Zarei R, Khaledi Darvishan A. 2020. The role of surface sealing caused by subsequent rainfall in the runoff components at the Kojour watershed Mazandaran. Watershed Management Research Journal. 33(4): 77-93. (In Persian). Doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2020.123725.1161 Zheng FL. 2005. Effects of accelerated soil erosion on soil nutrient loss after deforestation on the loess plateau. Pedosphere. 15(6): 707-715. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 411 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 122 |
||