| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,027 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,815 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 45,178,847 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 57,795,032 |
محلول‌پاشی گیاه خارمریم (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) با تنظیمکنندههای رشد گیاهی در شرایط مختلف رطوبت خاک | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 40، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 121، مهر 1403، صفحه 562-580 اصل مقاله (704.46 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2024.364529.3405 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| بهلول عباس‌زاده* 1؛ سحر فنائی2؛ داود بخشی3 | ||
| 1دکتری زراعت؛ بخش تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و محصولات فرعی، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور/زراعت | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، پردیس دانشگاهی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران | ||
| 3عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه گیلان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه وهدف: گیاهان در طول دوره رشد خود در طبیعت و در شرایط مزرعه در معرض تنش‌های محیطی مختلفی قرار میگیرند. گیاه دارویی خارمریم به دلیل ویژگیهای دارویی و درمانی آن، از زمان باستان به منظور درمان بیماری‌های کبدی و کیسه صفراوی استفاده میشده است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی پاسخ گیاه دارویی خارمریم به تنظیمکنندههای رشدی در شرایط مختلف رطوبتی خاک انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در سال زراعی 1401-1400 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور واقع در کرج انجام شد. این مزرعه تحقیقاتی، واقع در پنج کیلومتری جنوب‌شرقی شهرستان کرج در عرض جغرافیایی 35 درجه و 48 دقیقه‌ی شمالی و 51 دقیقه‌ی شرقی و ارتفاع 1320 متری از سطح دریا قرار دارد. این پژوهش به صورت کرتهای خردشده بر پایه‌ی طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سطوح مختلف ظرفیت زراعی خاک (90%، 75%، 50%، 25% ظرفیت زراعی) و محلول‌پاشی با تنظیمکننده رشد گیاهی مانند اسید سالیسیلیک (mg.l-1 150- 75)، اسپرمین (mg.l-1 140- 70)، براسینواستروئید (C28) (µM 2/1-1) و آب (شاهد) بود. برای اعمال تیمارهای رطوبتی، میزان رطوبت خاک در حد فاصله‌ی بین ظرفیت زراعی و 25% با استفاده از روش وزنی به‌صورت روزانه و همزمان با TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) تعیین شد. آبیاری با توجه به تیمارهای مورد نظر در کل دوره‌ی رشد براساس نمودار ترسیم‌شده و با کمک TDR انجام گردید. محلول‌پاشی پنج ماه پس از کشت بذر در اردیبهشت‌ماه به فاصله زمانی هفت روز یکب‌ار در سه مرحله انجام شد. در پایان پژوهش صفات میانگین تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، قطر تاج پوششی گیاه، تعداد ساقه فرعی، طول ریشه، قطر طوقه، تعداد روز تا ظهور برگ، ظرفیت آنتیاکسیدانی میوه، شاخص رنگ میوه، درصد خاکستر دانه، محتوای قند برگ، وزن هزاردانه، عملکرد میوه و میزان روغن در گیاه اندازهگیری شد. نتایج: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کاهش رطوبت خاک، صفات رشدی و عملکردی را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد کاهش داد. با این حال محلول‌پاشی گیاه با تنظیمکننده رشد در بهبود شاخص‌های رشدی مؤثر بود. به‌طوری‌که تعداد برگ در تیمار 25% ظرفیت زراعی خاک در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد (90% طرفیت زراعی) تقریباً به نصف کاهش یافت. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با براسینواستروئیدها در سطح مختلف رطوبتی خاک از کاهش معنی‌دار تعداد برگ در گیاه ممانعت به عمل آورد. بیشترین سطح برگ در تیمار mg.l-1 140 اسپرمین+ FC 75% مشاهده شد. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با اسپرمین و براسینواستروئید در بهبود صفات رویشی در شرایط تنش مؤثر بود. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با اسپرمین در شرایط 50% ظرفیت زراعی منجر به ثبت بیشترین میزان روغن در میوه شد. در شرایط 75% ظرفیت زراعی، محلول‌پاشی گیاه با براسینواستروئید (1 میکرومولار) عملکرد میوه در گیاه را 71.6% در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد در همان سطح تنش و 5.6% در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد در شرایط 90% ظرفیت زراعی افزایش داد. بررسی همبستگی شاخص‌های رنگ با ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان در گیاه نشان داد که درصد ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان در گیاه با شاخص روشنایی (L) دارای همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌دار میباشد که بیانگر این است که میوههای با رنگ تیرهتر دارای ظرفیت آنتیاکسیدانی بالاتری هستند. این در حالی است که دو شاخص قرمزی (a) و زردی (b) با ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان میوه دارای همبستگی منفی و معنی‌دار بود. نتیجهگیری: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کاهش میزان رطوبت خاک شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکردی گیاه را کاهش میدهد، با این حال محلول‌پاشی گیاه با استفاده از تنظیمکنندههای رشد گیاهی منجر به بهبود شرایط رشدی گیاه در شریط کم آبی میگردد. به‌طورکلی، با توجه به نتایج پژوهش میتوان بیان کرد که محلول‌پاشی گیاه با استفاده اسپرمین در غلظت 140 میلی‌گرم در لیتر با بهبود صفات رشدی و عملکردی در افزایش مقاومت گیاه به شرایط تنش رطوبتی در خاک کمک میکند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| اسپرمین؛ اسید سالیسیلیک؛ براسینواستروئید؛ محلول‌پاشی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Foliar application of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. with plant growth regulators under different soil moisture conditions | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Bohloul Abaszadeh1؛ Sahar Fanaee2؛ Davood Bakhshi3 | ||
| 12Assossiate professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University campus 2 University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran | ||
| 3Associate professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses during their growth period in nature and under field conditions. Due to its medicinal and therapeutic properties, Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. has been used since ancient times for the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases. This study aimed to investigate the response of Silybum marianum to plant growth regulators under different soil moisture conditions. Methodology: The present study was conducted in the agricultural year 1401-1400 at the Forests and Rangelands Research Institute research farm located in Karaj, Iran. The research farm is 5 kilometers southeast of Karaj city at a geographical latitude of 35 degrees and 48 minutes north and a longitude of 51 minutes east, with an elevation of 1320 meters above sea level. The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included different levels of field capacity (90%, 75%, 50%, 25% FC) and foliar application with plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid (75-150 mg.l-1), spermine (70-140 mg.l-1), brassinosteroid (C28) (1-1.2 µM), and water (control). Soil moisture levels were determined daily using the weighing method and TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) in the range between field capacity and 25% soil moisture content. Irrigation was conducted according to the desired treatments throughout the growth period based on the plotted graph and with the help of TDR. Foliar spraying was performed seven days apart in three stages, five months after seed sowing in April. At the end of the study, traits including average leaf number, leaf area, canopy diameter, number of lateral branches, root length, root collar diameter, days to leaf emergence, fruit antioxidant capacity, fruit color index, seed ash percentage, leaf sugar content, thousand seed weight, fruit yield, and oil content were measured. Results: The study showed that the reduction of field capacity (FC) reduced growth and yield traits in the plant compared to the control treatment. However, the foliar application of plant growth regulators improved growth traits effectively. For instance, the leaf number in the 25% field capacity treatment was almost halved compared to the control treatment (90% field capacity). Foliar spraying with brassinosteroids prevented a significant decrease in leaf number in the plant under different field capacity levels. The highest leaf area was observed in the treatment with 140 mg.l-1spermine + 75% field capacity. Foliar spraying with spermine and brassinosteroids had a significant effect on improving growth traits under stress conditions. Foliar spraying with spermine or brassinosteroids resulted in the highest oil content in the fruit under 50% field capacity conditions. Under 75% field capacity, foliar spraying with brassinosteroids (1 µM) increased fruit yield in the plant by 71% compared to the control treatment at the same stress level and by 5.5% compared to the control treatment under 90% field capacity conditions. The correlation analysis between color indices and fruit antioxidant capacity showed a positive and significant correlation between the percentage of fruit antioxidant capacity and brightness index (L), indicating that fruits with darker colors had higher antioxidant capacity. However, the redness index (a) and yellowness index (b) had a negative and significant correlation with fruit antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: The research findings have shown that reducing field capacity reduces plants' vegetative and reproductive growth parameters. However, foliar spraying plants with plant growth regulators improves plant growth conditions under water-limited conditions. In general, based on the research results, foliar spraying of plants with spermine at a concentration of 140 mg.l-1 helps improve the growth and performance characteristics, increasing the plant's resistance to moisture stress conditions in the soil. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Spermine, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, foliar spraying | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Abdulrazzaq, A., Badr, M., Gammoh, O., Abu Khalil, A., Ghanim, B., Alhussainy, T. and Qinna, N., 2019. Hepatoprotective actions of ascorbic acid, alpha lipoic acid and silymarin or their combination against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Medicina, 55(5): 181. - Abenavoli, L., Spagnuolo, R., Luppino, I. and Luzza, F., 2010. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Spllc Press. 569p. - Aghaei, K. and Ahmadkhani, F., 2022. Effect of drought stress on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and total soluble proteins of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology, 7(2): 1-7. - Ahmed, S., Nawata, E., Hosokawa, M., Domae, Y. and Sakuratani, T., 2002. Alterations in photosynthesis and some antioxidant enzymatic activities of mung bean subjected to water logging. Journal Plant Science, 163: 117-123. - Ali, B., Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A., 2007. 28-Homobrassinolide ameliorates the saline stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 217-223. - Andrzejewska, J., Sadowska, K. and Mielcarek, S., 2011. Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 33: 462-468. - Anestopoulos, I., Sfakianos, A., Franco, R., Chlichlia, K., Panayiotidis, M., Kroll, D. and Pappa, A., 2016. A novel role of silibinin as a putative epigenetic modulator in human prostate carcinoma. Molecules, 22-62. - Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M.R., 2007. Roles of glycine, betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 206-216. - Askari, E. and Ehsanzadeh, P., 2015. Osmoregulationmediated differential responses of field-grown fennel genotypes to drought. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 494-508 - Aziz, M., Saeed, F., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, A., Afzaal, M., Hussain, S., Mohamed, A.A., Alamri, M.S. and Anjum, F.M., 2021. Food science and nutrition. Biochemical profile of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) with special reference to silymarin content. Food Science and Nutrition, 9: 244-250. - Bakhshi, D. and Arakawa, O., 2006. Induction of phenolic compound biosynthesis with light irradiation in the Tesh of Red and Yellow Apple. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 8(2): 101-104. - Battaglia, M.L. and Lee, C., 2108. Thomason, W. Corn yield components and yield responses to defoliation at different row widths. Agronomy Journal, 110: 1-16. - Beheshti, H.R., Zhiyani Asgharzadeh, M. and Feyzi, J., 2014. Investigating the physicochemical properties of wheat flours consumed in Razavi Khorasan province. The First National Congress on Snack Foods, 30 April-1 May, Mashhad, Iran. - Behnamnia, M., 2015. Protective roles of brassinolide on tomato seedlings under drought stress. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 8: 455-462. - Chen, X.C., Chen, F.J., Chen, Y.L., Gao, Q., Yang, X.L., Yuan, L.X., Zhang, F.S. and Mi, G.H., 2013. Modern maize hybrids in Northeast China exhibit increased yield potential and resource use efficiency despite adverse climate change. Global Change Biology, 19: 923-936. - Doneva, D., Pal, M., Brankova, L., Szalai, G., Tajti, J., Khalil, R., Ivanovska, B., Velikova, V., Misheva, S. and Janda, T., 2021. The effects of putrescine pre-treatment on osmotic stress responses in drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive wheat seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 171: 200-216. - Estaji, A. and Niknam, F., 2020. Foliar salicylic acid spraying effect on growth, seed oil content, and physiology of drought-stressed Silybum marianum L. plant. Agricultural Water Management, 234: 106-116. - Fallah Huseini, H., Jasemi, E., Saberi, M., Gholibekian, M.R. and Foroutan, B., 2023. A review of medicinal plants used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in Iranian traditional medicine. Journal of Advanced Researches in Medicinal Plants, 2(1): 1-16. - Fanoudi, S., Alavi, M.S., Karimi, G. and Hosseinzadeh, H., 2020. Milk thistle (Silybum Marianum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: A review. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 43: 240-254. - Fariduddin, Q., Khanam, S., Hasan, S.A., Ali, B., Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A., 2009. Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on drought stress induced changes in photosynthesis and antioxidant system of Brassica juncea L. Acta Physiology Plant, 31: 889-897. - Fayez, K.A. and Bazaid, S.A., 2014. Improving drought and salinity tolerance in barley by application of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 13: 45-55. - Fujita, Y., Fujita, M., Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., 2011. ABA-mediated transcriptional regulation in response to osmotic stress in plants. Journal of Plant Research, 124: 509-525. - García-Ramírez, M., Turch, M., Simo-Servat, O., Hernandez, C. and Simo, R., 2018. Silymarin prevents diabetes-induced hyperperme ability in human retinal endothelial cells. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición, 65: 200-205. - Ghanbari Moheb Seraj, R., Behnamian, M., Ahmadikhah, A., Shariati, V. and Dezhsetan, S., 2022. Effect of Drought Stress on Physiological and Phytochemical Traits of Silybum marianum L. Journal of Horticultural Science, 36(1): 135-147. - Ghavami, N. and Ramin, A., 2008. Grain yield and active substances of milk thistle as affected by soil salinity. Commun. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39: 2608-2618. - Ghilavizadeh, A., Hadidi Msouleh, E., Zakerin, H. and Valadabadi, S.A., 2021. Effect of Drought Stress and Different Concentrations of Salicylic Acid on Yield, Yield Components, and Essential Oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Agroecology, 13(1): 89-101. - Hassan, N., Ebeed, H. and Aljaarany, A., 2020. Exogenous application of spermine and putrescine mitigate adversities of drought stress in wheat by protecting membranes and chloroplast ultra-structure. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 26: 233-245. - Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A., 2003. Brassinosteroids: Bioactivity and Crop Productivity, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 246p. - Hazzoumi, Z., Moustakime,Y., Elharchli, H. and Joutei, K.M., 2015. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and water stress on growth, phenolic compounds, glandular hairs, and yield of essential oil in basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.). Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 2: 1-11. - Huan, L., Jin-Qiang, W. and Qing, L., 2020. Photosynthesis product allocation and yield in sweet potato with spraying exogenous hormones under drought stress. Journal of Plant Physiology, 253: 153265. - Hussain, M., Malik, M.A., Farooq, M., Khan, M.B., Akram, M. and Saleem, M.F., 2009. Exogenous glycinebetaine and salicylic acid application improves water relations, allometry and quality of hybrid sunflower under water deficit conditions. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195: 98-109. - Jabbari, M., Sharifian, M.M. and Yamchi, A., 2019. Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars. Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 42(3): 359-372. - Jakhar, S. and Sheokand, M., 2015. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes of soybean plant. Agricultural and Food Sciences, 1: 7-15. - Jangpromma, N., Thammasirirak, S., Jaisil, P. and Songsri, P., 2012. Effects of drought and recovery from drought stress on above ground and root growth, and water use efficiency in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6(8): 1298-1304. - Karkanis, A., Efthimadou, A. and Bilalis, D., 2011. Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed. Industrial Crops and Products, 34: 825-830. - Khamsuk, O., Sonjaroon, W., Suwanwong, S., Jutamanee, K. and Suksamrarn, A., 2018. Effects of 24-epibrassinolide and the synthetic brassinosteroid mimic on chili pepper under drought. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 40: 1-12. - Khan, M.B., Hussain, M., Raza, A., Farooq, S. and Jabran, K., 2015. Seed priming with CaCl2 and ridge planting for improved drought resistance in maize. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39: 193-203. - Khazaei, M., Galavi, M., Dahmardeh, M., Moosavi-Nik, S.M., Zamani, G. and Mahdi-Nejad, N., 2019. Effect of drought stress on antioxidant activity and yield in several genotype Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) . Plant Process and Function, 7(27): 269-280. - Kiani, S.P., Talia, P., Maury, P., Grieu, P., Heinz, R., Perrault, A., Nishinakamasu, V., Hopp, E., Gentzbittel, L., Paniego, N. and Sarrafi, A., 2007. Genetic analysis of plant water status and osmotic adjustment in recombinant inbred lines of sunflower under two water treatments. Plant Science, 172: 773-787. - Kim, S.H., Choo, G.S., Yoo, E.S., Woo, J.S., Han, S.H., Lee, J.H. and Jung, J.Y., 2019. Silymarin induces inhibition of growth and apoptosis through modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Oncology Reports, 42: 1904-1914. - Kubis, J., 2003. Polyamines and “scavenging system”: Influence of exogenous spermidine on catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities, and free polyamine level in barley leaves under water deficit. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 25: 337-343. - Lata, C., Jha, S., Sreenivasulu, N. and Prasad, M., 2011. Differential antioxidative responses to dehydration-induced oxidative stress in core set of foxtail millet cultivars. Protoplasm, 248: 817-828. - Latif, M., Akram, N.A. and Ashraf, M., 2016. Regulation of some biochemical attributes in drought-stressed cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) by seed pre-treatment with ascorbic acid. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 91: 129-137. - Li, G., Liang, Z., Li, Y., Liao, Y. and Liu, Y., 2020. Exogenous spermidine regulates starch synthesis and the antioxidant system to promote wheat grain filling under drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42(7): 110. - Li, J., Hu, L., Zhou, T., Gong, X., Jiang, R., Li, H., Kuang, G., Wan, J. and Li, H., 2019. Taxifolin inhibits breast cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion by promoting mesenchymal to epithelial transition via β catenin signaling. Life Sciences, 232: 116617-116627. - Libster, M., 2002. Delmar′s integrative herb guide for nurses. Thamson Learning. pp: 669-77. - Lima, J.V. and Lobato, A.K.S., 2017. Brassinosteroids improve photosystem II efficiency, gas exchange, antioxidant enzymes and growth of cowpea plants exposed to water deficit. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 23: 59-72. - Lucini, L., Kane, D., Pellizzoni, M., Ferrari, A., Trevisi, E., Ruzickova, G. and Arslane, D., 2016. Phenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant power of different milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] cultivars. Industrial Crops and Products, 83: 11-16. - Mardani, H., Bayat, H., Saeidnejad, A.H. and Rezaie, E., 2012. Assessment of Salicylic Acid Impacts on Seedling Characteristic of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under Water Stress. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 4(1): 112-115. - Martínez, D. and Guiamet, J., 2004. Distortion of the SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter readings by changes in irradiance and leaf water status. Agronomie, 24: 41-46. - Mazaraie, A., Sirousmehr, A.R. and Babaei, Z., 2017. Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some morphological & physiological charactristics of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 33(4): 621-635. - Mazorra, L.M., Holton, N., Bishop, G.J. and Nunez, M., 2011. Response in tomato brassinosteroid mutants indicates that thermotolerance is independent of brassinosteroid homeostasis. Plant Physiology Biochemistry, 49: 1420-1428. - Mohammadi, H., Esmailpour, M., Ghorbi, S. and Hatami, M., 2018. Physiological and biochemical changes in Matricaria chamomilla induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens and water deficit stress. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 111(1): 63-72. - Ortiz, N., Armada, E., Duque, E., Roldán, A. and Azcón, R., 2015. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or bacteria to enhancing plant drought tolerance under natural soil conditions: Effectiveness of autochthonous or allochthonous strains. Journal of Plant Physiology, 174: 87-96. - Paknezhad, F., 2005. Effects of water stress on indices, physiological function and yield components of wheat cultivars. Thesis Ph.D., Islamic Azad University, Science and Research, - Parry, J., Hao, Z., Luther, M., Su, L., Zhou, K. and Yu, L.L., 2006. Characterization of cold-pressed onion, parsley, cardamom, mullein, roasted pumpkin, and milk thistle seed oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemistts’ Society, 83: 847-854. - Patel, S., 2015. Emerging bioresources with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical prospects. Springer, Berlin, 131p. - Porwal, O., Mohammed Ameen, M.S., Anwer, E. Uthirapathy, S. and Ahmad, J., 2019. Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Review on Its chemistry, morphology, ethno medical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9: 199-206. - Pradhan, S. and Girish, C., 2006. Hepatoprotective herbal drug, silymarin from experimental pharmacology to clinical medicine. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 124: 491-504. - Rajjou, L., Belghazi, M., Huguet, R., Robin, C., Moreau, A., Job, C. and Job, D., 2006. Proteomic Investigation of the Effect of Salicylic Acid on Arabidopsis Seed Germination and Establishment of Early Defense Mechanisms. Plant Physiology, 141: 910-923. - Raza, M.A.S, Saleem, M.F., Anjum, S.A., Khaliq, T. and Wahid, M.A., 2012. Foliar application of potassium under water deficit conditions improved the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22: 431-437. - Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya, K.V. and Vivekanandan, M., 2004. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 161: 1189-1202. - Sahni, S., Prasad, B.D., Liu, Q., Grbic, V., Sharpe, A., Singh, S.P. and Krishna, P., 2016. Overexpression of the brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene DWF4 in Brassica napus simultaneously increases seed yield and stress tolerance. Scientific Reports, 6: 1-4. - Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H., Omer, E.A. and Naguib, N.Y. 2009. Effect of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on herb and essential oil of oregano. International Agrophysics, 23(3): 269-275 - Seleiman, M.F., Al-Suhaibani, N., Ali, N., Akmal, M., Alotaibi, M., Refay, Y., Dindaroglu, T., Abdul-Wajid, H.H. and Battaglia, M.L., 2021. Drought Stress Impacts on Plants and Different Approaches to Alleviate Its Adverse Effects. Plants, 10(2): 259. - Silva, E.N., Ribeiro, R.V., Ferreira-Silva, S.L., Viegas, R.A. and Silveira, J.A.G., 2010. Comparative effects of salinity and water stress on photosynthesis, water relations and growth of Jatropha curcas plants. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(10): 1130-1137. - Singh, B. and Usha, K., 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 39:137-141. - Sun, X.F., Ding, Z.S., Hou, H.P., Ge, J.Z., Tang, L. and Zhao, M., 2013. Post-anthesis photosynthetic assimilation and the changes of carbon and nitrogen in different varieties of spring maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 39: 1284-1292. - Talaat, N.B., 2020. 24-Epibrassinolide and Spermine combined treatment sustains maize (Zea mays L.) drought tolerance by improving photosynthetic efficiency and altering phytohormones profile. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20: 516-529. - Tamayo, C. and Diamond, S., 2007. Review of clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.). Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6: 146-157. - Tatrai, Z.A., Sanoubar, R., Pluhr, Z., Mancarella, S., Orsini, F. and Gianquinto, G., 2016. Morphological and physiological plant responses to drought stress in Thymus citriodorus. International Journal of Agronomy, 20(16): 1-8. - Vaidya, A.S., Helander, J., Peterson, F.C., Elzinga, D., Dejonghe, W., Kaundal, A., Park, S.Y., Xing, Z., Mega, R. and Takeuchi, J., 2019. Dynamic control of plant water use using designed ABA receptor agonists. Science, 366: eaaw8848. - Veroneze-Junior, V., Martins, M., McLeod, L., Souza, K., Santos-Filho, P.R., Magalhaes, P.C., Carvalho, D.T., Santos, M.H. and Souza, T.C., 2020. Leaf application of chitosan and physiological evaluation of maize hybrids contrasting for drought tolerance under water restriction. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 80: 631-640. - Vicente, M.R. and Plasencia, J., 2011. Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(10): 3321-3338. - Wang, W.B., Kim, Y.H., Lee, H.S., Kim, K.Y. and Deng, X.P., 2009. Analysis of antioxidant enzymes activity during germination of alfalfa under salt and drought stresses. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47: 570-577. - Wojdyło, A., Oszmianski, J. and Czemerys, R., 2007. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry, 105: 940-949. - Xia, X.J., Wang, Y.J., Zhou, Y.H., Tao, Y., Mao, W.H., Shi, K., Asami, T., Chen, Z.X. and Yu, J.Q. 2009. Reactive oxygen species are involved in brassinosteroid-induced stress tolerance in cucumber. Plant Physiology, 150: 801-814. - Xiao, W., Fulai, L. and Dong, J., 2017. Priming: a promising strategy for crop production in response to future climate. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16: 60345-60352. - Yeganepur, F., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Shafagh, J. and Ghasemi Golozani, K., 2016. Effect of drought stress chemical and biofertilizer and salicylic acid on grain yield and yield components of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Crop Production, 9: 37-55. - Yiu, J.C., Liu, C.W., Fang, D.Y.T. and Lai, Y.S., 2009. Waterlogging tolerance of Welsh Onion (Allium Fistulosum L.) enhanced by exogenous spermidine and spermine. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47: 710-716. - Yuan, G.F., Jia, C.G., Li, Z., Sun, B., Zhang, L.P., Liu, N. and Wang, G.M., 2010. Effect of brassinosteroids on drought resistance and abscisic acid concentration in tomato under water stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 126: 103-108. - Zahedi, M., Hosseini, M.S. and Karimi, M., 2019. The effects of drought stress and brassinosteroid solution spray on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of wild pear (Pyrus biossieriana Buhse. Plant Process and Function, 8(29): 181-192 - Zahra, N., Wahid, A., Bilal Hafeez, M., Alyemeni, M.N., Shah, T. and Ahmad, P., 2021. Plant growth promoters mediated quality and yield attributes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) ecotypes under salinity stress. Scientific reports, 11: 23200. - Zhang, C. and Huang, Z., 2013. Effects of endogenous abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, polyamines, and polyamine oxidase activity in tomato seedlings under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 159: 172-177. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 374 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 312 |
||