| تعداد نشریات | 285 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 83 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 3,129 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,788 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 50,060,837 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 80,353,089 |
بررسی تاثیر کربنات سدیم بر رفتار تورمی و انقباضی خاکهای رسی در بستر سازه های آبی | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| دوره 25، تابستان - شماره پیاپی 95، مهر 1403، صفحه 92-75 اصل مقاله (979.03 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/idser.2024.367300.1594 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| نادر عباسی* 1؛ مارال سرکاری2؛ افشین خورسند3؛ رضا بهراملو4 | ||
| 1استاد، موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران | ||
| 2فارغالتحصیل کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3محقق، مؤسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران | ||
| 4دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| خاک های متورم شونده و منقبض شونده از خاک های مسئله دار هستند که اگر رفتار آنها شناخته نشود و تمهیدات لازم به کارگرفته نشود، باعث تخریب سازه های ساخته شده روی آنها می گردد. پتانسیل تورم یا انقباض خاک تابع عوامل متعددی مانند نوع کانی های رسی و مشخصات شیمیایی آب است. در این تحقیق اثر مقادیر مختلف کربنات سدیم بر رفتار تورمی و انقباضی خاک رسی بررسی شده است. بدین منظور یک نمونه خاک رسی با مشخصات فیزیکی، که بیانگر مشخصات غالب خاکهای رسی ایران باشد، تهیه شد. پنج مقدار مختلف کربنات سدیم، 0/5، 1، 2، 5 و 10 درصد وزنی خاک، به آن اضافه و پنج نمونه خاک مصنوعی تهیه شد که با در نظر گرفتن نمونه طبیعی، شش نمونه خاک با شوری های مختلف مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. مشخصه های شیمیایی هر یک از خاک ها شامل میزان شوری (EC)، اسیدیته (pH)، آنیون ها و کاتیون های موجود در عصارۀ اشباع تعیین و آزمایش های تعیین شاخص های تورمی و انقباضی نمونه ها شامل فشار تورمی، درصد تورم، درصد انقباض خطی و انقباض حجمی در 3 تکرار روی هر یک از نمونه ها اجرا شد. برای تعیین مشخصات تورمی از آزمایش تورم آزاد با استفاده از دستگاه تحکیم و برای تعیین شاخص های انقباضی، آزمایش تعیین حد انقباض (SL) بر اساس روش های استاندارد ASTM استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از آزمایش ها مشخص گردید که چگونگی تأثیر نمک کربنات سدیم بستگی به میزان نمک دارد، به طوریکه با افزایش نمک تا حدود یک درصد، سه ویژگی فشار تورمی، میزان انقباض حجمی و میزان انقباض خطی به ترتیب افزایش، کاهش و افزایش مییابد. برای مقادیر بین 1 تا 5 درصد، فشار تورمی و انقباض خطی کاهش می یابد و برای مقادیر بین 1 تا 10 درصد، میزان انقباض حجمی افزایش می یابد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| شوری خاک؛ مشخصات تورمی؛ انقباض حجمی؛ انقباض خطی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigating the Effect of sodium carbonate on the swelling and shrinking behavior of clay soils in Hydraulic Structures | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Nader Abbassi1؛ Maral Sarkari2؛ Afshin Khorsand3؛ Reza Bahramlou4 | ||
| 1Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran | ||
| 2Master's degree graduate, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Researcher, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| 4Associate professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Hamadan, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction Swelling and shrinking soils are problematic soils that destroy structures built on them if their behavior is not recognized and the necessary measures are not taken. The potential of swelling or shrinkage soils depends on various factors, such as the type of clay minerals and the chemical properties of the water. When developing the theoretical concept of swelling soil, factors such as mineralogy, soil structure, and pore water affecting physical factors (such as density, moisture value, and plastic properties) should be considered. Determining the swelling percentage and swelling pressure of clay soils is an important tool to explain and predict the behavior of clay soils. One of the most important properties of clay soils is their sensitivity to volume changes due to swelling and contraction, which lead to soil movement. According to the studies conducted on various aspects of swelling, shrinkage and also the effect of the amount and type of salinity on soil properties such as structure, grain stability and shear strength, it seems that much research on the effect of the amount and type of salinity on the swelling and shrinkage behavior of soil has not yet been conducted; therefore, this research attempts to investigate as much as possible the effects of different amounts of sodium carbonate on the swelling and shrinkage behavior of clay soils. Several objectives were pursued in compiling and conducting this research, including investigating the effects of different amounts of sodium carbonate on swelling percentage, swelling pressure, volumetric and linear shrinkage, and determining the effects of chemical characteristics such as EC on the indices of shrinkage and swelling. Methodology In order to investigate the effects of the amount of sodium carbonate on the swelling and shrinkage properties of soils, synthetic samples with different amounts of sodium carbonate were used in this study. For this purpose, a sample of clay soil from Kamalabad region of Karaj was first prepared. In order to identify and determine the physical and mechanical properties of the soil used, identification and classification tests were carried out including granularity, Atterberg limits, compaction properties, specific gravity, swelling and shrinkage indices and also chemical properties were studied on the samples based on ASTM standards. The shrinkage limit was used to determine the shrinkage capacity and specifications of the samples. There are two methods, volumetric and linear, to determine the shrinkage limit. The laboratory method for determining the shrinkage limit is provided as a standard by the ASTM Institute under the number D-427. To determine the percentage of swelling and the swelling pressure of soils with different proportions of sodium carbonate, the swelling test was carried out according to the standard (ASTM D4546). First, the soil sample prepared by the dynamic method was tamped into special rings, and then each of the rings containing the sample was placed in a normal consolidation device. Results and Discussion The results show that the sodium carbonate salt had no significant effect on the optimum moisture values and the maximum dry density of the soil samples tested. With the increase in the amount of EC, caused by the change in the amount of sodium carbonate in the original soil, the linear shrinkage and volume shrinkage limit also increased with an almost regular trend, and for the sample with EC=12.58 ds/m, the linear shrinkage and volume shrinkage limit decreased. The results show that when the sodium carbonate content is increased from zero to 1%, the swelling percentage increases with a sharp slope, and when the sodium carbonate salt content is increased to 2%, the swelling percentage decreases from 32.75 to 9.87. If you increase the percentage of sodium carbonate salt from 2 to 5%, the percentage of swelling increases from 9.87 to 11.53 with a slight slope. As you increase the EC from 1.47 to 2.8 (dS/m) the inflation percentage increases from 11.13 to 32.75 and as you increase the EC from 2.8 to 12.58 (dS/m) the inflation percentage decreases from 32.75 to 9.87 and as you increase the EC from 12.58 to 51.8 (dS/m) the inflation percentage increases from 9.87 to 11.53. The graphs of changes in swelling pressure with changes in EC and percentage of sodium carbonate also showed that with an increase in EC from 1.47 to 2.8 (dS/m), the level of swelling pressure increased from 10.12 to 79 kilopascals, with an increase in EC from 8 2.58 to 12.58 (dS/m), the swelling pressure decreased from 79 to 17.30 with a steep increase, and with the increase in EC from 12.58 to 51.8 (dS/m), the swelling pressure decreased from 17.30 to 23 with a very slight increase. By increasing the percentage of sodium carbonate from zero to 1 %, the source pressure increased, and by increasing the percentage of salt from 1 to 2 %, the source pressure decreased, and by increasing the percentage of sodium carbonate from 2 to 5 %, the source pressure decreased with a slight gradient. Conclusions Based on the surveys and experiments carried out as part of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn and established: From the results of the density test of synthetic samples, it was concluded that the effect of sodium carbonate depends on the amount of salt; thus, up to about 1% with the increase of salt content, there is no particular relationship between salt content and optimum moisture and maximum dry density, but at values between 1 and 5%, optimum moisture decreases and maximum dry density increases. From the results of the swelling test of synthetic samples, it was concluded that the effect of sodium carbonate depends on the amount of salt; thus, up to about 1%, the swelling pressure increases with increasing salt content, but at values between 1 and 5%, the swelling pressure decreases. From the results of the volume contraction test of synthetic samples, it was concluded that the effect of sodium carbonate salt depends on the amount of salt; thus, up to about 1%, the amount of volumetric shrinkage decreases with the increase of the salt percentage, but at values between 1 and 10%, the amount of the volumetric shrinkage limit increases. From the results of the linear shrinkage test of synthetic samples, it was concluded that the effect of sodium carbonate salt depends on the amount of salt; so that up to about 1%, the linear shrinkage limit increases with the increase of salt content, but at values between 1 and 5%, the number of linear shrinkage decreases. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Linear shrinkage, Problematic soils, Soil salinity, Swelling characteristics, Volume shrinkage | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abbasi, N., & Nazifi, M.H. (2013). Assessment and Modification of Sherard Chemical Method for Evaluation of Dispersion Potential of Soils, Journal Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. Springer, 31(1), 337-349, doi: 10.1007/s10706-012-9573-7. Abbasi, N., & Bahramloo, R. (2018). Investigation on Causes of Destruction of Concrete Lining of Irrigation Canals Constructed on Gypsiferrous Soils (A Case Study for Shabankareh Irrigation Network). Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research, 70(19): 69-84. (In Persian) Abdalqader, A.F., Jin, F., & Al-Tabbaa, A. (2016). Development of greener alkali-activated cement: utilization of sodium carbonate for activating slag and fly ash mixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.010 Alawaji, H.A. (1999). Swell and compressibility characteristics of sand–bentonite mixtures inundated with liquids. Applied clay science, 15(3-4), 411-430. Amerikhah, H., Khadem al-Rosoul, A., & Charm, M. (2004). Investigating the swelling of clays as an identification tool. The 9th Congress of Soil Sciences of Iran. 6 August. Soil and watershed protection research center of the country, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian) Asghari-Kaljahi, E., Salimi Chshmeh Mantash, M., & Hajialilue-Bonab, M. (2019). Evaluation of Expansive Potential of Fine Grained Soils of Tabriz Northern Highway Based on Shrinkage Limit. New Findings of Applied Geology. 13(25): 48-61. (In Persian) Basma, A.A., Al-Homoud, A.S., Malkawi, A.I.H., & Al-Bashabsheh, M.A. (1996). Swelling-shrinkage behavior of natural expansive clays, Applied Clay Science, 11: 211-227. Baumgartner, P., Priyanto, D., Baldwin, J.R., Blatz, J.A., Kjartanson, B.H., & Batenipour, H. (2008). Preliminary results of one-dimensional consolidation testing on bentonite clay-based sealing components subjected to two pore-fluid chemistry conditions. Nuclear Waste Management Organisation, Toronto. Nuclear Waste Management Organization Report NWMO TR-2008-04. Toronto, Canada. Bernal, S.A., Provis, J.L., Myers, R.J., San Nicolas, R., & van Deventer, J.S. (2015). Role of carbonates in the chemical evolution of sodium carbonate-activated slag binders. Materials and Structures, 48, 517-529. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0412-6 Bhavsar, S.N., & Patel, A.J. (2014). Analysis of Swelling and Shrinkage Properties of Expansive Soil using Brick Dust as a Stabilizer, 4(12): 303-308. Elmashad, M.E. (2017). Effect of chemical additives on consistency, infiltration rate and swelling characteristics of bentonite. Water Science, 31(2), 177-188. Elmashad, M.E., Sharaf, M., & Abdelaziz, T. (2022). Improvement of swelling soil by using lime sludge and sodium chloride. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(24), 1761. Goli Kalanpa, R., Ahmadi, H., & Goli Kalanpa, E. (2018). The Effect of Salinity on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soils under Wetting and Drying Cycles. Applied Soil Research. 6(1): 85-97. (In Persian) Grønbech, G., Nielsen, B.N., & Ibsen, L.B. (2010). Chloride concentration and pHs influence on the Atterberg limits of Søvind Marl. Igwe, C.A., & Okebalama, C.B. (2006). Soil strength of some Central Eastern Nigeria soils and effect of potassium and sodium on their dispersion. International agrophysics, 20(2). Mirzababaei, M., & Yasrebi, Sh. (2006). Investigating the effect of polymer stabilizers on the swelling pressure of swelling clays. The 7th International Congress of Civil Engineering. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian) Nowamooz, H., & Masrouri, F. (2008). Hydro mechanical behaviour of an expansive bentonite/silt mixture in cyclic. Journal of engineering geology, 101, 154-164. Osinubi, K.J., & Eberemu, A.O. (2010). Desiccation induced shrinkage of compacted lateritic soil treated with blast furnace slag. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 28, 537-547. Rahimi, H., & Abbasi, N. (2017). Geotechnical Engineering: Problematic Soils. University of Tehran Press, 3rd Edition, 870 p. (In Persian) Ramesh, P., Rao, A.N., & Murthy, K.N. (2012). Efficacy of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate in stabilizing a black cotton soil. Int. J. Emerg. Technolo. Adv. Eng, 2, pp.197-201. Rao, S.M., & Thyagaraj, T. (2007). Swell – compression behaviour of compacted clays under chemical gradients. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(5), 520-532. Wang, G., & Wei, X. (2015). Modeling swelling–shrinkage behavior of compacted expansive soils during wetting–drying cycles. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 52(6), pp.783-794. Wisniak, J. (2003). Sodium carbonate-From natural resources to Leblanc and back. Indian journal of chemical technology, 10(1), 99-112. Yilmaz, I. (2006). Indirect estimation of the swelling percent and a new classification of soils depending on liquid limit and cation exchange capacity. Engineering geology, 85(3-4), 295-301. Yilmaz, I., & Marschalko, M. (2014). The effect of different types of water on the swelling behaviour of expansive clays. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 73, 1049-1062. Yong, R.N., & Warkentin, B.P. (1975). Soil properties and behaviour. Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, p 449 Yukselen-Aksoy, Y., Kaya, A., & Ören, A.H. (2008). Seawater effect on consistency limits and compressibility characteristics of clays. Engineering Geology, 102(1-2), 54-61. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 526 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 283 |
||