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ارزیابی اثر کودهای سبز، زیستی و آلی بر عملکرد ماده خشک، کمّیت و کیفیت اسانس نعناع فلفلی (Mentha piperita L.) | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 40، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 122، دی 1403، صفحه 751-769 اصل مقاله (977.82 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2024.363520.3374 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| عبدالله جوانمرد* 1؛ موسی جمالی2؛ محمدرضا مرشدلو3؛ مجتبی نورآئین4؛ مصطفی امانی ماچیانی5 | ||
| 1گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه | ||
| 2- دانشجوی دکتری اگروتکنولوژی- اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه | ||
| 4عضو هیات علمی/ دانشگاه مراغه | ||
| 5گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: امروزه، استفاده از کودهای سبز در سیستم‌های کشاورزی پایدار بدلیل تأثیر مثبت آنها در افزایش سلامت و حاصلخیزی خاک و بهبود کمّیت و کیفیت عملکرد گیاهان بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. نتایج مطالعات قبلی نشان‌دهنده این است که کشت مخلوط گیاهان و استفاده از آنها به‌عنوان کود سبز نقش مؤثری در بهبود عملکرد کمّی و کیفی گیاهان دارد. علاوه بر استفاده از کودهای سبز، کاربرد کودهای آلی (ورمی‌کمپوست) و زیستی (قارچ آربوسکولار میکوریزا) هم می‌تواند اثر مثبتی بر عملکرد و کیفیت گیاهان داشته باشد. با توجه به اثرهای منفی کودهای شیمیایی بر کیفیت گیاهان دارویی و معطر، بهبود ویژگی‌های کمّی و کیفی این گیاهان به‌ویژه در شرایط کم‌نهاده به یک چالش بزرگ در بخش کشاورزی تبدیل شده است. ازاین‌رو، پژوهشی با هدف بررسی اثر کودهای سبز (به‌صورت کشت خالص و مخلوط)، آلی و زیستی بر عملکرد ماده خشک، کمّیت و کیفیت اسانس نعناع فلفلی انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش به‌صورت طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با هشت تیمار و سه تکرار در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه در سال 1401 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کاربرد کود سبز (کشت خالص ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای، کشت خالص جو، کشت مخلوط 25% ماشک+ 75% جو، 50% ماشک+ 50% جو و 75% ماشک+ 25% جو)، کود زیستی (قارچ آربوسکولار میکوریزا)، ورمی‌کمپوست (10 تن در هکتار) و عدم مصرف کود به‌عنوان تیمار شاهد بودند. قبل از برداشت، نمونه‌برداری از 10 بوته به‌صورت تصادفی برای اندازه‌گیری صفات مورفولوژی از قبیل ارتفاع بوته، تعداد گره در بوته، تعداد برگ و تعداد شاخه جانبی در بوته انجام گردید. پس از آن، برداشت از خطوط میانی با حذف اثرهای حاشیه‌ای در سطحی معادل 3.2 مترمربع انجام شد. استخراج اسانس به روش تقطیر با آب با استفاده از دستگاه کلونجر (مدل فارماکوپه بریتانیا) انجام شد. برای شناسایی ترکیب‌های اسانس از دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی متصل شده به طیف‌سنجی جرمی (GC-MS) مدل Agilent 5977A و دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی مدل Agilent 7990B با آشکارساز یونیزاسیون شعله‌ای (FID) استفاده شد. در نهایت بعد از اطمینان از نرمال بودن داده‌ها، تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماریSAS ورژن 9.4 و رسم نمودارها با نرم‌افزار Excel انجام گردید. همچنین، مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون LSD در سطح احتمال 5% انجام شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد بیشترین نیتروژن (18.05 گرم بر کیلوگرم) و پتاسیم (18.25 گرم بر کیلوگرم) در برگ نعناع فلفلی با کاربرد کود سبز 50% ماشک+ 50% جو بدست آمد. در حالی که بالاترین میزان فسفر نعناع فلفلی (1.75 گرم بر کیلوگرم) با کاربرد قارچ میکوریزا بدست آمد. همچنین بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک نعناع فلفلی (292.67 گرم در متر مربع) به کاربرد کود سبز 50% ماشک+ 50% جو مربوط بود که با کاربرد قارچ میکوریزا تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. علاوه بر این، بالاترین میزان درصد (1.84%) و عملکرد اسانس نعناع فلفلی (5.39 گرم در متر مربع) به تیمار کود سبز 50% ماشک+ 50% جو تعلق داشت. آنالیز شیمیایی اسانس نشان داد که ترکیبات غالب موجود در اسانس نعناع فلفلی به‌ترتیب شامل منتول (38.1-32.7%)، منتون (21.4-18.3%) و 1،8-سینئول (6.1-5.2%) بودند. بالاترین میزان منتول و سینئول با کاربرد کود سبز 50% ماشک+ 50% جو بدست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طور کلی، نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد کود سبز مخلوط 50% ماشک+ 50% جو به بهبود کمّیت و کیفیت اسانس (ترکیبات غالب اسانس از قبیل منتول و منتون) نعناع فلفلی منجر گردید. | ||
تازه های تحقیق | ||
- Adams, R.P., 2007. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Allured, 804p. - Al-Amri, S.M., 2021. Response of growth, essential oil composition, endogenous hormones and microbial activity of Mentha piperita to some organic and biofertilizers agents. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(9): 1-7. - Amani Machiani, M., Javanmard, A., Morshedloo, M.R. and Maggi, F., 2018. Evaluation of competition, essential oil quality and quantity of peppermint intercropped with soybean. Industrial Crops and Products, 111: 743-754. - Amani Machiani, M., Javanmard, A., Morshedloo, M.R., Aghaee, A. and Maggi, F., 2021. Funneliformis mosseae inoculation under water deficit stress improves the yield and phytochemical characteristics of thyme in intercropping with soybean. Scientific Reports, 11: 15279. - Amani Machiani, M., Javanmard, A., Habibi Machiani, R. and Sadeghpour, A., 2022. Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites. Plants, 11(17): 2183. - Battini, F., Grønlund, M., Agnolucci, M., Giovannetti, M. and Jakobsen, I., 2017. Facilitation of Phosphorus Uptake in Maize Plants by Mycorrhizosphere Bacteria Article. Scientific Reports, 7: 1-11. - Begum, N., Qin, C., Ahanger, M.A., Raza, S., Khan, M.I., Ashraf, M., Ahmed, N. and Zhang, L., 2019. Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Growth Regulation: Implications in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 1-15. - Bidgoli, R.D. and Mahdavi, M.J., 2018. Effect of Nitrogen and Two Types of Green Manure on the Changes in Percentage and Yield of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Essential Oil. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 10: 245-250. - Bilalis, D., Karkanis, A., Efthimiadou, A., Konstantas, A. and Triantafyllidis, V., 2009. Effects of Irrigation System and Green Manure on Yield and Nicotine Content of Virginia (Flue-Cured) Organic Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), under Mediterranean Conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 29: 388-394. - Carreón-Abud, Y., Torres-Martínez, R., Farfán-Soto, B., Hernández-García, A., Ríos-Chávez, P., Bello-González, M.Á., Martínez-Trujillo, M. and Salgado-Garciglia, R., 2015. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Increases the Content of Volatile Terpenes and Plant Performance in Satureja macrostema (Benth.) Briq. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas, 14: 273-279. - Cunha Honorato, A., Amaral Maciel, J.F., Alves de Assis, R.M., Akira Nohara, G., Alves de Carvalho, A., Brasil Pereira Pinto, J.E. and Vilela Bertolucci, S.K., 2022. Combining green manure and cattle manure to improve biomass, essential oil, and thymol production in Thymus vulgaris L. Industrial Crops and Products, 187: 115469. - DeAndrade, S.A.L., Domingues, A.P. and Mazzafera, P., 2015. Photosynthesis is induced in rice plants that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and are grown under arsenate and arsenite stress. Chemosphere, 134: 141-149. - Demir, H., Sönmez, İ., Uçan, U. and Akgün, İ.H., 2023. Biofertilizers Improve the Plant Growth, Yield, and Mineral Concentration of Lettuce and Broccoli. Agronomy, 13(8): 1-12. - Duchene, O., Vian, J.F. and Celette, F., 2017. Intercropping with legume for agroecological cropping systems: Complementarity and facilitation processes and the importance of soil microorganisms. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 240: 148-161. - Ebrahimi, M., Souri, M.K., Mousavi, A. and Sahebani, N., 2021. Biochar and vermicompost improve growth and physiological traits of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under deficit irrigation. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8: 1-14. - Fernandes, A.M., Ribeiro, N.P., Assunção, N.S., Geibel da Silva Nunes, J., Sorroche, C.P. and Leonel, M., 2021. Impact of Nitrogen and Green Manure on Yield and Quality of Sweet Potato in Sandy Soil: A Brazilian Case Study. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 4: 100131. - Gama, E.V.G., Garrido, M.S., Silva, F., Soares, A.C.F. and Marques, C.T.S., 2012. Biomass production of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. under fertilization with compost inoculated elephant grass and without inoculation of actinomycetes. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 14: 163–168. - Golubkina, N., Logvinenko, L., Novitsky, M., Zamana, S., Sokolov, S., Molchanova, A., Shevchuk, O., Sekara, A., Tallarita, A. and Caruso, G., 2020. Yield, essential oil and quality performances of Artemisia dracunculus, Hyssopus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under organic management. Plants, 9: 1-16. - Hafez, M., Popov, A.I. and Rashad, M., 2021. Integrated Use of Bio-Organic Fertilizers for Enhancing Soil Fertility–Plant Nutrition, Ger-mination Status and Initial Growth of Corn (Zea mays L.). Environmental Technology and Innovation, 21: 101329. - Hwang, H.Y., Kim, G.W., Lee, Y.B., Kim, P.J. and Kim, S.Y., 2015. Improvement of the Value of Green Manure via Mixed Hairy Vetch and Barley Cultivation in Temperate Paddy Soil. Field Crops Research, 183: 138-146. - Jones, J.B., 1972. Plant tissue analysis for micronutrients. In: Mortvedt, J.J. (Ed.), Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society America, Madison, Madison, WI, 319-346. - Kalra, Y., 1997. Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. Washington, D.C: CRC press. - Lei, B., Wang, J. and Yao, H., 2022. Ecological and Environmental Benefits of Planting Green Manure in Paddy Fields. Agriculture, 12: 223. - Marques, C.T., Gama, E.V.S., da Silva, F., Teles, S., Caiafa, A.N. and Lucchese, A.M., 2018. Improvement of Biomass and Essential Oil Production of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown with Green Manures in Succession. Industrial Crops and Products, 112: 113-118. - Merlin, E., Melato, E., Lourenço, E.L.B., Jacomassi, E., Junior, A.G., da Cruz, R.M.S., Otênio, J.K., da Silva, C. and Alberton, O., 2020. Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus Addition Increase Coarse Mint (Plectranthus amboinicus Lour.) Plant Growth and Essential Oil Content. Rhizosphere, 15: 100217. - Mirseyedi, S.K., Nasiri, Y., Morshedloo, M.R. and Khalili, M., 2020. Evaluation of organic, chemical, biological and amino acids application on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) at different harvesting. Journal of Horticultural Science, 50(4): 755-767. - Nazeri, N.K., Lambers, H., Tibbett, M. and Ryan, M.R., 2013. Do arbuscular mycorrhizas or heterotrophic soil microbes contribute toward plant acquisition of a pulse of mineral phosphate? Plant Soil, 373: 699-710. - Ormeno, E. and Fernandez, C., 2012. Effect of soil nutrient on production and diversity of volatile terpenoids from plants. Current Bioactive Compounds, 8(1): 71-79 | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| قارچ میکوریزا؛ کشاورزی پایدار؛ کیفیت اسانس؛ منتول؛ سینئول | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation the effects of green manure, Bio- and organic fertilizers on the dry matter yield, essential oil content and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| A. Javanmard1؛ Mosa Jamali2؛ M. Morshedloo3؛ M. Nouraein4؛ M. Amani machiani5 | ||
| 1Department of production and genetics, faculty of agriculture, university of maragheh | ||
| 2Ph.D student of Agrotechnology-Crop Ecology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran | ||
| 3Assoc. Prof., Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran. | ||
| 4Academic member, Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, | ||
| 5Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: In recent years, green manure has received attention due to its positive effects on soil health and the quality and quantity of plants. It has been reported that intercropping legumes with cereal as green manures improves soil fertility and nutrient availability, increasing plant productivity. In addition to green manures, applying organic (vermicompost) and biofertilizers (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) can positively affect the plant's productivity and quality. Considering the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers on the bio-active compounds of medicinal and aromatic plants, improving the quantity and quality characteristics, especially in low-input conditions, has become a significant challenge in the agricultural sector. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of green manures and bio- and organic fertilizers on the nutrient content and morphological and phytochemical characteristics of peppermint. Methodology: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 8 treatments and three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, in 2022. The treatments included green manures [barley monoculture, hairy vetch monoculture and replacement intercropping of 75% hairy vetch+ 25% barley, 50% hairy vetch+ 50% barley and 25% hairy vetch+ 75% barley], arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vermicompost. Before harvesting, peppermint's growth characteristics, including plant height, number of leaves, number of nodes, and number of lateral branches, were randomly measured in 10 samples from each treatment. To measure the dry matter yield of peppermint, 3.2 m2 of each plot was harvested randomly after removing the marginal effects. The peppermint EO was extracted using a Clevenger by water distillation. Moreover, the EO constituents were analyzed using GC-MS (GC–MS; 5977A, Agilent) and GC-FID (Agilent 7990B). Data analysis was performed with SAS (version 9.3) software. Also, the significant differences among means were compared with the LSD test at P< 0.05. Results: The results demonstrated that the highest N (18.05 g kg-1) and K (18.25 g kg-1) content was obtained by applying green manure as intercropping of 50% hairy vetch+50% barley. However, the highest content of P (1.75 g kg-1) was achieved in the AMF application. The maximum dry yield of peppermint (292.67 g m-2) was observed when green manure was applied as an intercropping of 50% hairy vetch+50% barley, which had no significant difference from the AMF application. Additionally, the maximum essential oil content (1.84%) and essential oil yield (5.39 g m-2) was achieved by applying green manure as intercropping of 50% hairy vetch+50% barley. The essential oil analysis showed that the significant constituents of peppermint essential oil were menthol (32.74-38.06%), menthone (18.33-21.42%), and 1,8cineol (5.20-6.12%). The maximum content of menthol and cineol was obtained by applying green manure as intercropping of 50% hairy vetch+50% barley. Conclusion: Generally, the study results demonstrated that applying green manure as intercropping of 50% hairy vetch+50% barley as a sustainable strategy can improve peppermint's essential oil quantity and quality. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Mycorrhiza fungus, sustainable agriculture, essential oil quality, menthole, cineol | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Adams, R.P., 2007. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Allured, 804p. - Al-Amri, S.M., 2021. Response of growth, essential oil composition, endogenous hormones and microbial activity of Mentha piperita to some organic and biofertilizers agents. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(9): 1-7. - Amani Machiani, M., Javanmard, A., Morshedloo, M.R. and Maggi, F., 2018. Evaluation of competition, essential oil quality and quantity of peppermint intercropped with soybean. Industrial Crops and Products, 111: 743-754. - Amani Machiani, M., Javanmard, A., Morshedloo, M.R., Aghaee, A. and Maggi, F., 2021. Funneliformis mosseae inoculation under water deficit stress improves the yield and phytochemical characteristics of thyme in intercropping with soybean. Scientific Reports, 11: 15279. - Amani Machiani, M., Javanmard, A., Habibi Machiani, R. and Sadeghpour, A., 2022. Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites. Plants, 11(17): 2183. - Battini, F., Grønlund, M., Agnolucci, M., Giovannetti, M. and Jakobsen, I., 2017. Facilitation of Phosphorus Uptake in Maize Plants by Mycorrhizosphere Bacteria Article. Scientific Reports, 7: 1-11. - Begum, N., Qin, C., Ahanger, M.A., Raza, S., Khan, M.I., Ashraf, M., Ahmed, N. and Zhang, L., 2019. Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Growth Regulation: Implications in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 1-15. - Bidgoli, R.D. and Mahdavi, M.J., 2018. Effect of Nitrogen and Two Types of Green Manure on the Changes in Percentage and Yield of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Essential Oil. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 10: 245-250. - Bilalis, D., Karkanis, A., Efthimiadou, A., Konstantas, A. and Triantafyllidis, V., 2009. Effects of Irrigation System and Green Manure on Yield and Nicotine Content of Virginia (Flue-Cured) Organic Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), under Mediterranean Conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 29: 388-394. - Carreón-Abud, Y., Torres-Martínez, R., Farfán-Soto, B., Hernández-García, A., Ríos-Chávez, P., Bello-González, M.Á., Martínez-Trujillo, M. and Salgado-Garciglia, R., 2015. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Increases the Content of Volatile Terpenes and Plant Performance in Satureja macrostema (Benth.) Briq. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas, 14: 273-279. - Cunha Honorato, A., Amaral Maciel, J.F., Alves de Assis, R.M., Akira Nohara, G., Alves de Carvalho, A., Brasil Pereira Pinto, J.E. and Vilela Bertolucci, S.K., 2022. Combining green manure and cattle manure to improve biomass, essential oil, and thymol production in Thymus vulgaris L. Industrial Crops and Products, 187: 115469. - DeAndrade, S.A.L., Domingues, A.P. and Mazzafera, P., 2015. Photosynthesis is induced in rice plants that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and are grown under arsenate and arsenite stress. Chemosphere, 134: 141-149. - Demir, H., Sönmez, İ., Uçan, U. and Akgün, İ.H., 2023. Biofertilizers Improve the Plant Growth, Yield, and Mineral Concentration of Lettuce and Broccoli. Agronomy, 13(8): 1-12. - Duchene, O., Vian, J.F. and Celette, F., 2017. Intercropping with legume for agroecological cropping systems: Complementarity and facilitation processes and the importance of soil microorganisms. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 240: 148-161. - Ebrahimi, M., Souri, M.K., Mousavi, A. and Sahebani, N., 2021. Biochar and vermicompost improve growth and physiological traits of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under deficit irrigation. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8: 1-14. - Fernandes, A.M., Ribeiro, N.P., Assunção, N.S., Geibel da Silva Nunes, J., Sorroche, C.P. and Leonel, M., 2021. 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