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بهبود رشد و صفات فیزیولوژیک سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.) با افزودن کودهای آلی به بستر کاشت تحت رژیمهای مختلف آبیاری | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 41، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 124، تیر 1404، صفحه 325-340 اصل مقاله (978.5 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2025.367273.3484 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مجید رجائی* 1؛ مهدی خیری2 | ||
| 1بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران | ||
| 2دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم خاک دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد داراب | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: تنش خشکی یکی از مهمترین عوامل محیطی تأثیرگذار بر تولیدات کشاورزی به ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است. کودهای آلی قادر به کاهش اثرات نامطلوب تنش خشکی در گیاهان هستند. مصرف کودهای آلی یکی از مهمترین راهکارها در مدیریت تغذیه گیاهان برای توسعه و گسترش کشاورزی پایدار در شرایط تنش خشکی است. بنابراین هدف از انجام این تحقیق، بررسی اثر کودهای مختلف آلی در بستر کشت سیاهدانه و تاثیر آنها بر صفات فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه این گیاه در رژیمهای مختلف آبیاری بود. مواد و روشها: این آزمایش به صورت طرح پایه کاملا تصادفی با دو فاکتور و در سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اول آزمایش چهار رژیم آبیاری شامل 20 (شاهد)، 40، 60 و 80 درصد تخلیه رطوبت از حد ظرفیت مزرعه بود. فاکتور دوم بسترهای کاشت حاوی مواد آلی مختلف با پنج درصد وزنی خاک گلدان شامل خاک معمولی (شاهد)، خاک معمولی+ بیوچار، خاک معمولی+ کمپوست، خاک معمولی+ ورمی‌کمپوست و خاک معمولی+ کود دامی بود. در هر گلدان شش کیلوگرم خاک قرار داده شد. ابتدا خاک مورد استفاده در آزمایش از الک دو میلی‌متری عبور داده و کودهای آلی به مقدار پنج درصد وزنی به طور دستی با خاک هر گلدان مخلوط شد. در تاریخ یک اسفند ماه بذرها در گلدانهای پلاستیکی کشت شدند. در هر گلدان تعداد 15 بذر سیاهدانه کشت گردید. دو هفته پس از کاشت (مرحله سه برگی)، عمل تنک کردن گیاهچهها صورت گرفت و تعداد 6 بوته در هر گلدان حفظ شد. بعد از کاشت بذرها، تمام گلدانها به طور یکنواخت آبیاری شدند. پس از سبز شدن بوتههای سیاهدانه و در زمان چهار تا پنج برگی، آبیاری براساس 20، 40، 60 و 80 درصد تخلیه رطوبت انجام شد. پاسخ های گیاهی اندازه‌گیری شده شامل غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم برگ، نشت یونی، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، غلظت مالون دی آلدهید، کلروفیل a و b برگ و فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و پراکسیداز بود. در نهایت تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها انجام و مقایسه میانگینها با آزمون چند دامنهای دانکن صورت گرفت. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که افزایش تنش خشکی سبب کاهش محتوی نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم برگ شد. از سوی دیگر بیشترین محتوی این عناصر در شرایط خاک معمولی + ورمی‌کمپوست و یا کود دامی مشاهده شد. افزایش تنش خشکی سبب کاهش محتوی نسبی آب برگ شد، بهطوری که آبیاری 40، 60 و 80 درصد تخلیه رطوبت به ترتیب سبب کاهش معنیدار 7، 15 و 32 درصد محتوای نسبی آب برگ نسبت به آبیاری 20 درصد تخلیه رطوبت شدند. در رژیم 60 درصد تخلیه رطوبت، کاربرد کمپوست، ورمی‌کمپوست و کود دامی به ترتیب سبب کاهش معنیدار 11.8، 14.5 و 12.2 درصد نشت یونی نسبت به شاهد شدند. در آبیاری 80 درصد تخلیه رطوبت، تیمار حاوی کمپوست و ورمی‌کمپوست به ترتیب سبب کاهش معنیدار 15.2 و 17.8 درصد مالوندیآلدهید نسبت به شاهد شدند. در 20 و 60 درصد تخلیه رطوبت، بیشترین محتوای کلروفیل کل در شرایط خاک معمولی در تلفیق با ورمی‌کمپوست و در سطح پایین‌تر با کاربرد کود دامی و کمپوست بدست آمد. فعالیت آنزیم آنتیاکسیدانی کاتالاز و پراکسیداز با افزایش تنش خشکی روند افزایشی را نشان داد. در سطح تنش خشکی 80 درصد تخلیه رطوبت، وزن خشک اندام هوایی در کود دامی و ورمی‌کمپوست به ترتیب 46 و 56 درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد نشان داد. در تنش خشکی 80 درصد تخلیه رطوبت، وزن دانه در کود دامی و ورمی‌کمپوست به ترتیب افزایش 26 و 32 درصد نسبت به شاهد داشت. نتیجهگیری: نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی سبب تاثیر نامطلوب بر غلظت عناصر غذایی و صفات فیزیولوژیک سیاهدانه گردید. استفاده از خاک معمولی در تلفیق با ورمی‌کمپوست و یا کود دامی در افزایش مقدار رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی موثر بود و در نتیجه رشد گیاه را افزایش داد. در مقایسه با ورمی کمپوست و کود دامی، بیوچار و کمپوست نیز در سطح پایین‌تر توانستند عملکرد دانه را بهبود دهند. در مجموع کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست و کود دامی برای کاشت گیاه سیاهدانه در شرایط مختلف رطوبت قابل توصیه میباشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کاتالاز؛ پراکسیداز؛ مالون دی آلدهید؛ وزن دانه؛ تنش خشکی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Improving growth and physiological responses of Nigella sativa L. using organic fertilizers under varying irrigation regimes | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Majid Rajaie1؛ Mehdi Khiri2 | ||
| 1Soil and Water Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran | ||
| 2Educated student of M. Sc. on Soil Science, Islamic Azad University, Darab Branch | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and Objective: Drought stress is one of the most critical factors influencing agricultural production, particularly in irrigated farming systems in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Organic fertilizers can mitigate the detrimental effects of drought stress on medicinal plants. Developing new management strategies is essential to alleviate the negative impacts of drought. Among the most effective approaches to plant nutrition management under drought conditions is the use of organic fertilizers, which significantly contribute to sustainable agriculture advancement and expansion. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different organic fertilizers in the cultivation medium of black seed and their influence on physiological traits and seed yield under various irrigation intervals. Methodology: This experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor included four irrigation regimes: 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% depletion of field capacity moisture. The second factor involved planting beds composed of different organic materials at 5% (w/w) of pot soil, including normal soil (control), normal soil + biochar, normal soil + compost, normal soil + vermicompost, and normal soil + animal manure. Each pot contained six kilograms of soil. Initially, the soil was passed through a 2 mm sieve, and organic fertilizers were manually mixed with the soil in each pot at a rate of 5% by weight. On February 19, black seeds were sown in plastic pots, with fifteen seeds per pot. Two weeks after sowing, at the three-leaf stage, seedlings were thinned to six plants per pot. After planting, all pots were irrigated uniformly. Upon the emergence of black seed plants and at the four- to five-leaf stage, irrigation treatments were applied based on the designated moisture depletion levels (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%). Measured plant responses included leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content; ion leakage; relative water content; malondialdehyde concentration; chlorophyll a and b content; and catalase and peroxidase enzyme activities. Finally, variance analysis was conducted, and means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: The findings indicated that increased drought stress led to reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in the leaves. Conversely, the highest concentrations of these nutrients were observed under treatments with normal soil + vermicompost or animal manure. Rising drought stress also reduced leaf relative water content; specifically, irrigation at 40%, 60%, and 80% moisture depletion led to significant reductions of 7%, 15%, and 32%, respectively, compared to 20% moisture depletion. At 60% depletion, compost, vermicompost, and animal manure treatments significantly reduced ion leakage by 11.8%, 14.5%, and 12.2%, respectively. Under 80% depletion, compost, and vermicompost significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels by 15.2% and 17.8%, respectively, relative to the control. At 20% and 60% depletion, the highest total chlorophyll content was observed in normal soil combined with vermicompost, followed by animal manure and compost. Catalase and peroxidase activities increased progressively with drought severity. At 80% depletion, the dry weight of aerial parts increased by 46% and 56% in the animal manure and vermicompost treatments, respectively, compared to the control. Likewise, grain weight increased by 26% and 32% under these treatments at the same drought level. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that drought stress adversely affected black seed plants' nutrient concentration and physiological traits. Applying normal soil with vermicompost or animal manure effectively enhanced photosynthetic pigment levels, promoting plant growth. Compared to vermicompost and animal manure, biochar, and compost had a relatively lower impact on improving grain yield. Overall, vermicompost and animal manure are recommended for cultivating black seed under varying humidity conditions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Catalase, Peroxidase, Malondialdehyde, Seed yield, Drought stress | ||
| مراجع | ||
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