| تعداد نشریات | 285 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 83 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 3,139 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,918 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 50,383,512 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 90,276,872 |
ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی برخی از ژنوتیپهای گزینش شده گردو خراسان جنوبی با استفاده از خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| دوره 41، شماره 1، فروردین 1404، صفحه 47-23 اصل مقاله (787.51 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/spj.2026.371547.1456 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| امیرحسین مصطفوی1؛ جواد عرفانی مقدم* 2؛ عبدالکریم زارعی3 | ||
| 1دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. | ||
| 2دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. | ||
| 3دانشیار، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جهرم، جهرم، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| گردوی ایرانی یکی از مهمترین محصولات خشکبار در ایران میباشد. در این پژوهش، تنوع ژنتیکی 61 ژنوتیپ گزینش شده گردو از شهر آبیز در شمال شرقی استان خراسان جنوبی بر اساس 30 ویژگی کمی وکیفی درخت و میوه بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد تنوع ژنتیکی بالایی برای صفات مورد ارزیابی در جمعیت های بررسی شده وجود دارد. بیشترین ضریب تنوع مربوط به صفات شکاف میوه، شکل برگ، شکل میوه، تعداد میوه روی شاخه، رنگ پوسته چوبی، اندازه مغز و رنگ مغز بود. بیشترین و کمترین وزن میوه خشک با پوست چوبی 17/3و 11/9گرم به ترتیب مربوط به ژنوتیپ C5 و C2 بود و میانگین این صفت برای کلیه ژنوتیپ ها، 13/40گرم ثبت شد. همچنین بیشترین وزن خشک مغز 8/9گرم و کمترین آن 4/6گرم به ترتیب در ژنوتیپ های C5 و B6 با میانگین 6/29گرم برای کلیه ژنوتیپ ها بود. تجزیه خوشهای ژنوتیپ ها بر اساس کلیه صفات، بیانگر دو گروه اصلی در فاصله 165 بود که هر کدام از گروههای اصلی با خویشاوندی بیشتر به چند زیر گروه تقسیم شدند. نتایج تجزیه به عاملهای اصلی نشان داد، هشت عامل اول در مجموع نزدیک به 76/80درصد از واریانس کل مشاهده شده را توجیه کردند. عامل اول که بیشتر مربوط به صفات کمی میوه بود، حدود 37/95درصد از واریانس کل را توجیه کرد. به طورکلی ژنوتیپ های C5، E6، G7 و B5 دارای صفات مطلوب مغز و میوه بودند که می توانند برای کشت و یا تولید ارقام جدید در برنامه های برنامه های به نژادی گردو استفاده شوند. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| گردو؛ ضریب تنوع؛ تجزیه به عاملها؛ وزن میوه؛ وزن مغز | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Some Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Genotypes of South Khorasan Using Morphological Characteristics | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| A.H. Mostafavi1؛ J. Erfani-Moghadam2؛ A. Zarei3 | ||
| 1Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. | ||
| 3Associate Professor in Department of Plant Production and Genetic (Biotechnology), Faculty of Agriculture, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Persian walnut is one of the most important dried fruit products in Iran. In this research, the genetic diversity of 61 walnut genotypes was evaluated based on 30 quantitative and qualitative traits related to leaf, fruit, and tree traits. The results revealed high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes, with the highest coefficients of variation related to the traits of fruit split, leaf shape, fruit shape, number of fruits per branch, wooden shell color, kernel size, and kernel color. The lowest and highest dry in-shell fruit weight, ranged from 11.9 to 17.3 grams, and were recorded for genotypes C2 and C5, respectively. The mean value of this trait for all genotypes was 13.40 grams. Furthermore, the highest and lowest dry kernel weights were 8.9 and 4.6 grams, and were recorded for genotypes C5 and B6, respectively. The overall mean of all genotypes, was 6.29 grams. The highest dry kernel weight (8.9 grams) and the lowest (4.6 grams) belonged to genotypes C5 and B6, respectively. The overall mean of all genotypes was 6.29 grams. Cluster analysis of genotypes based on all morphological traits indicated two main groups at a distance of 165, each of which was subdivided into subgroups with closer kinship. The results of principal component analysis showed that the first two components explained nearly 76.80% of the total variance. The first component, which was mostly related to quantitative fruit traits, explained approximately 37.95% of the total variance. The results of this reseach showed that genotypes C5, E6, G7, and B5 possessed desirable kernel and fruit traits and could be used for establishment commercial walnut orchards as well as the development of new cultivars in walnut breeding programs. Keywords: Walnut, coefficient of variation, principal component analysis, kernel weight, kernel color. Introduction The evaluation of genetic diversity of native pant populations is an important aspect for the management and utilization of plant germplasm, and plays a significant role in the survival and adaptation of species (Vahdati et al., 2019). Despite the high production of walnuts in Iran, the international trade of this valuable horticultural product has not been very successful. The main reason can be attributed to the variation of the fruit characteritics produced due to sexual propagation (Vahdati et al., 2019). Significant variation exists in the native walnut populations of Iran due to its high level of heterozygosity, dichogamy, cross-pollination, and consequently, sexual propagation (Ebrahimi et al., 2015). This genetic diversity provides an excellent opportunity for the identification of genotypes with desirable and valuable traits. A large number of walnut trees with diverse genetic backgrounds exist in the orchards of Abiz city in Qaenat region in northeast of South Khorasan provinc, in Iran, and the identification of suitable genotypes and the evaluation of kinship among them can be effective in walnut breeding programs. The aim of this research was to evaluate the selected walnut genotypes from Abiz city and identify the superior genotypes for further studies. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in the walnut orchards of Abiz city, located in the northeast of South Khorasan province. To identify superior and promising walnut genotypes, 61 genotypes were evaluated for 30 different quantitative and qualitative traits related to the tree, leaf, fruit, and kernel. In this study, fruits were randomly collected from various parts of the walnut trees at the ripe stage. Fifteen fruits from each genotype were evaluated. The fruit weight (weight of the fruit with green husk and dry fruit weight) and their kernel weight were measured using a digital balance (Model: BPSIID, Sartorius Company, Germany) with an accuracy of 0.01 grams. Subsequently, traits related to each genotypes, such as fruit width and length, were measured using a digital caliper (Model: EGL-111-111, Guanglu Company, Japan). Other qualitative traits of the fruit and tree, including kernel color, fruit split, tree growth vigor, tree growth habit, tree branching, etc., were assessed for each accession using the available descriptor for this plant. Results and Discussion The results indicated that the highest coefficients of variation were related to the traits of shell split, leaf shape, fruit shape, number of fruits per branch, shell color, kernel size, and kernel color, while the lowest coefficients of variation were obtained for fruit length, leaf length, dry fruit weight with wooden shell, fresh fruit weight with green husk, and leaf falling date. Furthermore, traits such as kernel removal ease, hard shell thickness, and type of fruit bearing exhibited high variation. The highest dry kernel weight (8.9 grams) and the lowest (4.6 grams) belonged to accession C5 and B6, respectively. The average for all genotypes was 6.29 grams. Shamlu et al., (2018) evaluated 102 seedling walnut genotypes, the average dry fruit weight ranged from 6.1 to 19.79 grams and kernel weight varied from 2.9 to 9.4 grams. The results of the present study revealed considerable genetic diversity among the 61 studied walnut genotypes in the Abiz city, particularly for traits related to fruit and kernel such as fruit weight, kernel weight, fruit shape, kernel color, and shell split. Such diversity could be attributed to sexual reproduction system, high heterozygosity, and ecological conditions (Vahdati et al., 2019). Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed among many studied traits. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits divided the walnut genotypes into two main groups, indicating heterogeneous population structure and high breeding potential of this germplasm. Principal component analysis showed that the first eight components accounted for nearly 76.80% of total variance, with quantitative fruit traits including fruit weight, kernel weight, and kernel size loading highly on the first component, and demonstrated their importance as key discriminators among evaluated genotypes. In the present study, a substantial proportion of the total variance was explained by limited number of componnets, indicating that genetic diversity is concentrated in specific traits such as fruit weight, kernel weight, and phenological characteristics. Farrokhi Toolir and Soleimani (2024) evaluated 35 walnut genotypes based on 21 morphological and pomological traits, three first principal components accounted for approximately 58.9% of the total variance. The findings of the present research suggest that quantitative traits of fruit and the timing of growth stages accounted for the greatest contribution genetic variation among the evaluated walnut genotypes, and can be effectively utilized as selection criteria in walnut breeding programs. References Ebrahimi, A., Khadivi-Khub, A., Nosrati, Z. and Karimi, R. 2015. Identification of superior walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes with late leafing and high kernel quality in Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 193, pp.195-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.049 Farrokhi Toolir, J. and Soleimani, A. 2024. Evaluation of local walnut genotypes from Farrokhi Toolir, J. and Soleimani, A. 2024. Evaluation of local walnut genotypes from Kerman province using morphological and pomological traits. Seed and Plant, 40, pp.97-125 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2025.368013.1394 Shamlu, F., Rezaei, M., Lawson, S., Ebrahimi, A., Biabani, A. and Khan-Ahmadi, A. 2018. Genetic diversity of superior Persian walnut genotypes in Azadshahr, Iran. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24, pp.939–949. DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0573-9 Vahdati, K., Arab, M.M., Sarikhani, S., Sadat-Hosseini, M., Leslie, C.A. and Brown, P.J. 2019. Advances in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) breeding strategies. Pp. 401–472. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S. and Johnson, D. (eds.), Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops, 4. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_11 | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Walnut, coefficient of variation, principal component analysis, kernel weight, kernel color | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Arzani, K., Mansouri, A.H., Vezvaei, A. and Reza, R.M. 2008. Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from central Iran. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 36, pp.159–168. DOI: 10.1080/01140670809510232
Attar, S., Davarynejad, G.H., Samiee, L. and Moghaddam, M. 2021. Evaluation
Ebrahimi, A., Khadivi-Khub, A., Nosrati, Z. and Karimi, R. 2015. Identification of superior walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes with late leafing and high kernel quality in Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 193, pp.195-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.049
Ebrahimi, A., Zarei, A., Lawson, S., Woeste, K.E. and Smulders, M.J.M. 2016. Genetic diversity and genetic structure of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes from 14 European, African, and Asian countries using SSR markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 12, e114. Doi: 10.1007/s11295-016-1075-y
Ebrahimi, A., Zarei, A., McKenna, J.R., Bujdoso, G. and Woeste, K.E. 2017. Genetic diversity of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) in the cold-temperate zone of the United States and Europe. Scientia Horticulturae, 220, pp.36–41. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.03.030
Ebrahimi, A., Zarei, A., Zamani Faradonbeh M. and Lawson, S. 2017. Evaluation of genetic variability among ``Early Mature'' Juglans regia using microsatellite markers and morphological traits. PeerJ, 5, e3834; DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3834 Ehteshamnia, A., Sharifani, M., Vahdati, K., Erfani Moghadam, V., Mousavizadeh, S.J., and Mohseni Pour Taklou, S. 2009. Investigation of morphological diversity among native populations of walnut (Juglans regia) in Golestan province, Iran. Journal of Plant Production, 16, pp.29-48 (in Persian).
FAO, 2023. FAO statistical yearbook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
Farrokhi Toolir, J. and Soleimani, A. 2024. Evaluation of local walnut genotypes from Kerman province using morphological and pomological traits. Seed and Plant, 40, pp.97-125 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2025.368013.1394
Fatahi, R., Ebrahimi, A. and Zamani, Z. 2010. Characterization of some Iranians and foreign walnut genotypes using morphological traits and RAPD markers. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 51, pp.51–60.
Germain, E., Delort, F. and Kanivets, V. 1995. Precocious maturing walnut populations originating from central Asia: their behaviour in France. In: III International Walnut Congress, 442, pp.83–90.
Hakimi, Y., Fattahi, M. and Zamani, Z. 2022. Evaluation of genetic diversity among some selected walnut by using morphological and pomological characteristics. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 53(1), pp.209-224. DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2021.318674.1896
Hassani, D., Mozaffari, M.R., Soleimani, A., Dastjerdi, R., Rezaee, R., Keshavarzi, M. and Atefi, J. 2020. Four new Persian walnut cultivars of Iran: Persia, Caspian, Chaldoran, and Alvand. HortScience, 55, pp.1162-1163. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI15044-20
IPGRI 1994. Descriptors for walnut (Juglans spp.). International Plant Genetic Reesources Institute, Rome, Italy. 54 pp.
Jafari Sayadi, M.H., Vahdati, K. and Leslie, C.A. 2011. Comparison of four geographically diverse natural populations of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in north of Iran. In: I International Symposium on Wild Relatives of Subtropical and Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops, 948, pp.91–96. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.948.9
Kairova, G., Taskuzhina, A., Yanin, K., Ismagulova, E., Oleichenko, S., Sarshayeva, M., Sapakhova, Z., Gritsenko, D. 2025. First evaluation of genetic diversity and population structure of wild and cultivated Juglans regia in Kazakhstan. Genet. Resources and Crop Evolution, 72(7), pp.1755–1771. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-025-02443-7
Karimi, R., Ershadi, A., Ehtesham Nia, A., Sharifani, M., Ebrahimi, A. and Vahdati, K. 2014. Morphological and molecular evaluation of Persian walnut populations in northern and western regions of Iran. Journal of Nuts, 5(2), pp.21-31. DOI: 10.22034/jon.2014.515686
Khadivi-Khub, A., 2014. Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut for morphological characters in Markazi province from Iran. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 37, pp.273–281. DOI: 10.1007/s40415-014-0080-3
Khadivi-Khub, A., Ebrahimi, A., Mohammadi, A. and Kari, A. 2015a. Characterization and selection of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from seedling origin trees. Tree Genetic Genomes, 11, pp.1–10. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-015-0882-x
Khadivi-Khub, A., Ebrahimi, A., Sheibani, F. and Esmaeili, A. 2015b. Phenological and pomological characterization of Persian walnut to select promising trees. Euphytica, 205, pp.557–567. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-015-1429-9
Lone, A.I. 2017. Diversity for tree vigour in the natural population of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in the Kashmir Valley. International Journal of Forestry and Crop Improvement, 8, pp.53–57. DOI: 10.15740/HAS/IJFCI/8.1/53-57
McGranahan, G. and Leslie, C. 1990. Walnuts (Juglans). Pp. 907–951.In: Moore, J.N. and Ballington, J.R. (eds.), Genetic Resources of Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops. International Society for Horticultural Science. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
McGranahan, G.H. and Leslie, C.A. 2012. Walnut. Pp. 827–846. In: Badenes, M.L. and Byrne, D.H. (eds.), Fruit Breeding, Handbook of Plant Breeding, Volume 8. Springer, Boston, MA, USA.
Mosivand, M., Hassani, D., Payamnour, V. and Jafar Aghaei, M. 2013. Comparison of tree, nut, and kernel characteristics in several walnut species and inter-specific hybrids. Crop Breeding Journal, 3, pp.25-30. DOI: 10.22092/cbj.2013.100447
Mousavi, S.A., Tatari, M., Moradi, H. and Hassani, D. 2015. Evaluation of genetic diversity among the superior walnut genotypes based on pomological and phenological traits in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari province. Seed and Plant, 31, pp.365-389 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.111264
Nie, X., Wang, Z, Liu, N, Song, L, Yan, B, Xing, Y., Zhang, Q., Fang, K., Zhao, Y., Chen, X., Wang, G., Qin, L. and Cao, Q. 2021. Fingerprinting 146 Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) genotypes and selecting a core collection using SSR markers. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20, pp.1277–1286. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63400-1
Nurzhuma, M., Kokhmetova, A., Kumarbayeva, M., Keishilov, Z., Bakhytuly, K., Bolatbekova, A., Kokhmetova, A., Mukhametzhanov, K., and Akan, K. 2025. Assessment of genetic diversity in walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from southern and southeastern Kazakhstan using microsatellite markers. Horticulturae, 11(7), e810. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae11070810
Rasouli, M. and Ershadi, B. 2018. Investigation of genetic diversity of 33 walnut seed genotypes (Juglans regia) using morphological and pomological traits to introduce superior genotypes. Pomology Research, 3, pp.27-39 (in Persian).
Rezaee, R., Grigoorian, W. and Vahdati, M. 2006. Evaluation of morphological traits associated with the vigour of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 7, pp.157–168 (in Persian).
Rezaei, A., Arzani, K. and Sarikhani, S. 2020. Morphological evaluation and identification of walnut (Juglans regia L.) superior genotypes in north Hamadan province of Iran. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 51, pp.441-457 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2019.277210.1609
Sarikhani Khorami, S., Arzani, K. and Roozban, M. R. 2014. Correlation of certain high heritability horticultural traits in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). Acta Horticulture, 1050, pp.61-68. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1050.6
Sarikhani, S., Vahdati, K. and Ligterink, W. 2021. Biochemical properties of superior Persian walnut genotypes originated from southwest of Iran. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 8, pp.13-24. DOI: 10.22059/ijhst.2020.309363.392
Shah, R.A., Bakshi, P., Sharma, N., Jasrotia, A., Itoo, H., Gupta, R. and Singh, A. 2021. Diversity assessment and selection of superior Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees of seedling origin from North-Western Himalayan region. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 3, e100015. DOI: 10.1016/j.resenv.2021.100015
Shahi Shavvon, R., Qi, H.L., Mafakheri, M., Fan, P.Z., Wu, H.Y., Bazdid Vahdati, F., Al-Shmgani, H.S., Wang, Y.H. and Liu, J. 2023. Unravelling the genetic diversity and population structure of common walnut in the Iranian Plateau. BMC Plant Biology, 23, e201. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04190-2
Shamlo, F., Rezaei, M., Biabani, A. and Khanahmadi, A.R. 2016. Morphological diversity among walnut genotypes of Azadshar, Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 30(3), pp.469-479. DOI:10.22067/jhorts4.v30i3.45073
Shamlu, F., Rezaei, M., Lawson, S., Ebrahimi, A., Biabani, A. and Khan-Ahmadi, A. 2018. Genetic diversity of superior Persian walnut genotypes in Azadshahr, Iran. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24, pp.939–949. DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0573-9
Sharifi, S., Amiri-Fahliani, R., Kavoosi, B., and Masoumi Asl, A. 2021. Walnut genetic diversity investigation using phenological and morphological characteristics and ISSR markers. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 23(1), pp.187-200
Sharma, O.C. and Sharma, S.D. 2001. Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) for various metric nut and kernel characters in Himachal Pradesh. Scientia Horticulturae, 88, pp.163–171. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4238(00)00204-1
UPOV. 1998. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability. Walnut (Juglans regia). International union for the protection of new varieties of plants. Geneva. 34 pp.
Vahdati, K., Arab, M.M., Sarikhani, S., Sadat-Hosseini, M., Leslie, C.A. and Brown, P.J. 2019. Advances in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) breeding strategies. Pp. 401–472. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S. and Johnson, D. (eds.), Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops, 4. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_11
Vahdati, K., Pourtaklu, S.M., Karimi, R., Barzehkar, R., Amiri, R., Mozaffari, M. and Woeste, K., 2015. Genetic diversity and gene flow of some Persian walnut populations in southeast of Iran revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 301, pp.691–699. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-014-1107-8
Zarei, A., Erfani-Moghadam, J. and Jalilian, H. 2019. Assessment of variability within and among four Pyrus species using multivariate analysis. Flora, 250: 27–36. DOI:10.1016/j.flora.2018.11.016 Zarinkolah, M., Karimi, H.R., Esmaeilizadeh, M., Malekzadeh, K. and Sahhafi SR. 2025. Genetic relationships among some old walnuts (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in Iran and selection of superior genotypes. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization, 23(2):106-119. DOI:10.1017/S1479262124000583
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 658 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 16 |
||