Related Links
Estimation of Potential and Gap of Water Productivity in Wheat Production in Iran | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| Volume 23, Issue 86, August 2022, Pages 87-110 PDF (1.16 M) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/idser.2022.357070.1496 | ||
| Authors | ||
| abolfazl Nasseri* 1; Fariborz Abbasi2 | ||
| 1Associated professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran. | ||
| 2Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, AERI | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction Wheat has a specific importance and position as the main food and the source of calories (about 45% of the required energy) and protein (about 50% of the required protein). The gap of water productivity in agricultural production has not yet been investigated despite the need to improve water productivity in agricultural productions and the importance of potential of water productivity in the agricultural sector in Iran. Wheat is the main nutritional material and the main source of calorie and protein which has important and special status in the country among the various products. Water productivity is one of the important indices in evaluating the irrigation water use efficiency in the agricultural production. Globally, the value of this index has varied from 0.52 kg m-3 to 2.67 kg m-3. In spite of the need to improve water productivity in agricultural production; and the importance of amounts of this index in the agricultural sector, the gap in water productivity for agricultural production has not yet been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the wheat-yield gap and to estimate the potential and gap of water productivity in wheat production in Iran. Methodology The recommended methods of FAO-33 and FAO-56 were respectively applied to determine the potential of wheat production and potential evapotranspiration in the country. Measured (actual) yields were acquired from documents of Agricultural Ministry. The gap of yield (and water productivity) was obtained from the difference between actual and potential (or reliable) values. The potential (and actual) of water productivity was achieved from the ratio of yield to the evapotranspiration. The reliable yield was defined as a part of the potential yield that could be achieved by producers. Results and Discussion With investigating the wheat-yield gap and to estimate the potential and gap of water productivity in wheat production in Iran, The results showed that the reliable and actual yields respectively averaged 6516 and 2905 kg ha-1 with a gap of 3434 kg ha-1 for the period of 1385 to 1394 (2006-2015). Now, 36% and 48% of the potential and reliable yields were harvested from wheat farms as an actual yield. The potential and reliable yields; and water productivity in wheat production is influenced by climatic conditions. The highest production gap was estimated from farms with semi- arid climate conditions. The potential productivity and its gap (with water application efficiency of 60%) were 1.04 and 0.52 kg m-3. Actual water productivity increases and the gap of water productivity reduce in all regions with enhancing the water application efficiency. Conclusions This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the wheat-yield gap and to estimate the potential and gap of water productivity in wheat production in Iran. Findings revealed that wheat farms in the arid and semi-arid climates in the country have a considerable capacity to save irrigation water by improving water application efficiency. The gap in yield and water productivity in wheat production is significantly correlated with the field management. Affecting factors on the water productivity gap include irrigation management, tillage practices, sowing time, nutrition and pest management. One of the limitations of this study is the application of the average of several coefficients such as crop coefficient and crop response to water deficit and need to calibration of actual evapotranspiration with field data. Therefore, Calibration of actual wheat evapotranspiration based on lysimetric data or satellite images as well as analysis or meta-analysis of factors affecting water productivity in wheat production can complement the findings of this study. By identifying the main components affecting the yield gap and water productivity and with appropriate agronomic management in each climate (or province) could reduce the existing gaps. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Actual productivity; Irrigation management; Production potential; Potential productivity | ||
| References | ||
|
Ahmadi, H. (2017). Modeling wheat production and yield gap in Golestan province. Ph.D. thesis, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. (In Farsi)
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H. R., Hatami, F., Abdshah, H. and Kazemian, A. (2020). Agricultural Statistics of the Crop in Year 2018-2019. Volume I: Crop Products. Ministry of Jahad e Agriculture, Deputy of Planning and Economy, Information and Communication Technology Center. 97 p.
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. (1998). FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper NO. 56. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 56(9). P.e.156.
Andarzian, B., Bakhshandeh, A., Bannayan, M. and Emam, Y. (2008). Evaluation of CERES-Wheat simulation model in Ahvaz climatic conditions. Iranian Agricultural Research, 6 (1), 11-22.
Andarzian, B., Bakhshandeh, A.M., Bannayan, M. and Emam, Y. (2008). Evaluation of the CERES-wheat model in Ahvaz condition. J. Field Crops Res, 6: 1, 11-22. (In Farsi)
Badsar, M., Kamkar, B., Soltani, A. and Abdi, O. (2017). Yield gap estimation in wheat-grown fields using GIS and RS approach and SSM model (A case study: Qaresso basin, Gorgan, Iran). Cereal Research, 7(2), 195-215.
Bandyopadhyay, P.K. and Mallick, S. (2003). Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under varying moisture levels of humid tropical canal command area. Agric. Water Manage, 59, 33–47.
Caviglia, O.P. and Sadras, V.O. (2001). Effect of nitrogen supply on crop conductance, water- and radiation-use efficiency of wheat. Field Crops Res, 69, 259–266.
Chouhan, S. S., Awasthi, M. K., & Nema, R. K. (2015). Studies on water productivity and yields responses of wheat based on drip irrigation systems in clay loam soil. Indian Journal of science and Technology, 8(7), 650.
Corbeels, M., Hofman, G. and van Cleemput, O. (1998). Analysis of water use by wheat grown on a cracking clay soil in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment: weather and nitrogen effects. Agric. Water Manage, 38, 147–167.
Deju, Z. and Jingwen, L. (1993). The water-use efficiency of winter wheat and maize on a salt-affected soil in the Huang Huai Hai river plain of China. Agric. Water Manage, 23: 67–82.
Ding, Z., Ali, E. F., Elmahdy, A. M., Ragab, K. E., Seleiman, M. F., & Kheir, A. M. (2021). Modeling the combined impacts of deficit irrigation, rising temperature and compost application on wheat yield and water productivity. Agricultural Water Management, 244, 106626.
Doorenbos, J. and Kassam, A.H. (1979). Yield response to water FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper NO. 33. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Ebadi, F. and Saeednia, A. (2009). Food balance sheet (2002-2006) for Islamic Republic of Iran. Agricultural Planning and Economic Research Institute. 142 p.
Ebrahimi, M., Najafi, Kh. and Ghazi, A. (2016). Evaluation of agricultural water demand in Qazvin plain. 6th National Conference on Water Resources Management of Iran. University of Kordestan. Kordestan
Fengrui, L., Songling, Z. and Geballe, G.T. (2000). Water use patterns and agronomic performance for some cropping systems with and without fallow crops in a semi-arid environment of northwest China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, 79, 129–142.
Fisher, R.A. (2014). Definitions and determination of crop yield, yield gaps, and of rates of change. Field Crops Res, 6359, 1-10.
Gharineh, M., Bakhshandeh, A., Andarzian, B. and Faizizadeh, N. (2012). Agro-climatic zonation of Khuzestan province based on potential yield of irrigated wheat using WOFOST model. Agroecology, 4, 264-255.
Hajarpoor, A. (2016). Evaluation of wheat yield gap in Golestan province. PhD Thesis. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
Hajarpoor, A. and Soltani, A. (2015). Using boundary line analysis in yield gap studies: Case study of wheat in Gorgan. Journal of Crop Production, 8(4), 183-201.
Hajarpoor, A., Soltani, A., Zeinali, A., Kashiri, H., Aynehband, A. and Nazeri, M. (2017). Evaluation of wheat yield gap using comparative performance analysis method in Golestan province. Iranian Agricultural Sciences, 19, 86-101.
Hajjarpoor, A. (2016). Analysis of the yield limitations in Golestan province. Ph.D. Thesis, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. (In Farsi)
Hajjarpoor, A., Soltani, A. and Torabi, B. (2015). Using boundary line analysis in yield gap studies: Case study of wheat in Gorgan. J. Crop Prod, 8, 183-201. (In Farsi).
Heydari, N. (2011). Determining and evaluating the water productivity index of crops under the management of farmers in the country. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 1 (2), 57-43.
Jin, M., Zhang, R., Sun, L. and Gao, Y. (1999). Temporal and spatial soil water management: a case study in the Heilonggang region, PR China. Agric. Water Manage, 42, 173–187
Kamilov, B., Ibragimov, N., Evett, S. and Heng, L. (2002). Use of neutron probe for investigations of winter wheat irrigation scheduling in automorphic and semi-hydromorphic soils of Uzbekistan. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Wheat Production in Rotation with Cotton in Limited Water Resource Areas, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, October 13–18, 2002.
Kruse, E.G., Champion, D.F. and Yoder, R.E. (1991). High saline water-table effect on wheat irrigation. In: Allen, R.A., Howell, T.A., Pruitt, W.O., Walter, I.A., Jensen, M.E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the international symposium on Lysimeters for Evapotranspiration and Environmental Measurements, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 23–25, 1991, pp. 335–343.
Lashanizand, M., Payamani, K., Ahmadi, S., & Veyskarami, I. (2014). Ecological climate zonation of Iran. Watershed Engineering and Management, 6(2), 175-189.
Li, F-M., Song, Q-H., Liu, H-S., Li, F-R. and Liu, X-L. (2001). Effects of pre-sowing irrigation and phosphorus application on water use and yield of spring wheat under semi-arid conditions. Agric. Water Manage, 49, 173–183.
Mishra, H.S., Rathore, T.R. and Tomar, V.S. (1995). Water use efficiency of irrigated wheat in the Tarai Region of India. Irrig. Sci, 16, 75–80.
Montajabi, N. and Vaziri, Zh. (2004). The effect of irrigation scheduling on yield and water productivity of wheat in Gholpayeghan. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences, 18 (1), 62-56.
Nasseri, A. and Abbasi, F. (2019). Analysis and Future Study of 60-Year Temporal Variations of Water Use Efficiency of Irrigated Wheat in Tabriz Plain. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 13(4), 894-908.
Nasseri, A. and Fallahi, H. (2007). Water use efficiency of winter wheat under deficit irrigation. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(1),19-26.
Nazari, B. (2019). Final report of the research plan to study and analyze the productivity gap and prepare a guide to improve agricultural water productivity with the approach of empowering farmers and sustainability in aquifers (Case study: Qazvin plain). National Center for Strategic Studies in Agriculture and Water. Chamber of Commerce. 310 p
Nekahi, M., Soltani, A., Siahmarghoueei, A. and Bagherani, N. (2014). Yield gap of crop and weed management in wheat: case study, Golestan province, Bandar Gaz. Journal of Crop Production, 7(2), 135-156.
Onabi Milani, A. (2006). Interaction between Irrigation Regimes and Different Nitrogen Sources on Water Productivity of Wheat. Journal of Modern Agricultural Sciences, 2 (5), 56-44.
Oweis, S., Zhang, H. and Pala, M. (2000). Water use efficiency of rainfed and irrigated bread wheat in a Mediterranean environment. Agron. J., 92, 231–238.
Pandey, R.K., Maranville, J.W. and Admou, A. (2001). Tropical wheat response to irrigation and nitrogen in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency. Eur. J. Agron, 15, 93–105.
Rahman, S.M., Khalil, M.I. and Ahmed, M.F. (1995). Yield-water relations and nitrogen utilization by wheat in salt-affected soils in Bangladesh. Agric. Water Manage, 28, 49–65.
Razavi, R. (2008). Effect of Irrigation elimination in wheat growth stages on water productivity and yield quantitative and qualitative. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences, 22 (1), 145-137.
Regan, K.L., Siddique, K.H.M., Tennant, D. and Abrecht, D.G. (1997). Grain yield and water use efficiency of early maturing wheat in low rainfall Mediterranean environments. Aus. J. Agric. Res., 48, 595–603.
Seyyed Jalali, S.A., Navidi, M.N., Zinaddini, A. and Mohammad Ismail, Z. (2019). Crop phenology for use in land suitability assessment. Soil and Water Research Institute. 506 p.
Sezen, S.M. and Yazar, A. (1996). Determination of water–yield relationship of wheat under Cukurova conditions. Tr. J. Agric. For, 20, 41–48 (in Turkish, with English abstract).
Sharma, K.D., Kumar, A. and Singh, K.N. (1990). Effect of irrigation scheduling on growth, yield and evapotranspiration of wheat in sodic soils. Agric. Water Manage, 18, 267–276.
Sharma, K.S., Samra, J.S. and Singh, H.P. (2001). Influence of boundary plantation of poplar (Populus deltoides M.) on soil-water use and water use efficiency of wheat. Agric. Water Manage, 51, 173–185.
Siddique, K.H.M., Tennant, D., Perry, M.W. and Belford, R.K. (1990). Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment. Aus. J. Agric. Res, 41, 431–447.
Singh, R.V. and Chauhan, H.S. (1996). Irrigation scheduling in wheat under shallow groundwater table conditions. In: Cramp, C.R., Sadler, E.J., Yoder, R.E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Scheduling, San Antonio Convention Center, San Antonio, Texas, November 3–6, 1996, pp. 103–108.
Soltani, A. (2009). Mathematical modeling in crops. Publications of Jahade Daneshghahi Mashhad. Mashhad. Iran.175p.
Soltani, A., Galeshi, Y. and Zinali, A. (1990). Analysis of restrictions on wheat production in Golestan province. Research Report. Management and Planning Organization of Golestan Province. Gorgan.
Soltani, A., Nahbandani, A.R., Zeinali, A. Torabi, B., and Zand, A. (2018). Preparation of yield gap atlas and production capacity of important crops in the Iran in current and future climatic conditions. Report of AREEO and Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. P 336 .
Taheri, M., Rezaverdinejad, W., Behmanesh, J., Abbasi, F. and baghani, J. (2020). Spatial analysis of water productivity index in wheat production regions. Water Research in Agriculture, 34 (2), 228-217.
Torabi, B. (2011). Analysis of the yield limitations in Gorgan using simulation model and hierarchical process (AHP). Ph.D. Thesis, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. (In Persian)
Torabi, B., Soltani, A., Galeshi, S. and Zeinali, E. (2012). Analyzing wheat yield constraints in Gorgan. J. Crop Prod, 4, 1-17. (In Farsi)
Torabi, B., Soltani, A., Galeshi, S. and Zeinali, E. (2013). Documenting the process of wheat production in Gorgan. Journal of Plant Production Research, 19(4), 19-42.
Torabi, B., Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Zeinali, E. and Kazemi Korgehei, M. (2013). Ranking factors causing the wheat yield gap in Gorgan. Journal of Crop Production, 6(1), 171-189.
Vazifedoust, M., Van Dam, J.C. and Feddes, R.A. (2008). Increasing water productivity of irrigated crops under limited water supply at field scale. Agricultural Water Management, 95(2), 89-102.
Waheed, R.A., Naqvi, M.H., Tahir, G.R. and Naqvi, S.H.M. (1999). Some studies on pre-planned controlled soil moisture irrigation scheduling of field crops. In: Kirda, C., Moutonnet, P., Hera, C., Nielsen, D.R. (Eds.), Crop Yield Response to Deficit Irrigation. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol. 84. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 180–195.
Wang, H., Zhang, L., Dawes, W.R. and Lu, C. (2001). Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain: measurements and modeling. Agric. Water Manage, 48, 151–167.
Xianqun, X. (1996). The combined field experiment for determining evapotranspiration in north China Plain. In: Cramp, C.R., Sadler, E.J., Yoder, R.E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Scheduling, San Antonio Convention Center, San Antonio, Texas, November 3–6, 1996, pp. 69–74.
Yang, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, J. and Delgado, J. (2017). A comparative study of shallow groundwater level simulation with three-time series models in a coastal aquifer of South China. Applied Water Science, 7(2), 689-698.
Zahed, M., soltani, A., Zeinali, E., Torabi, B., Zand, E. and Alimagham, S. (2019). Modeling of irrigated wheat yield potential and gap in Iran. Journal of Crop Production, 12(3), 35-52.
Zhang, H., Wang, X., You, M. and Liu, C. (1999). Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Irrig. Sci, 19, 37–45.
Zhang, J., Sui, X., Li, B., Su, B., Li, J. and Zhou, D. (1998). An improved water-use efficiency for winter wheat grown under reduced irrigation. Field Crops Res. 59, 91–98.
Zhao, J., Han, T., Wang, C., Jia, H., Worqlul, A.W., Norelli, N., Zeng, Z. and Chu, Q., 2020. Optimizing irrigation strategies to synchronously improve the yield and water productivity of winter wheat under interannual precipitation variability in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 240, p.106298.
Zheng, J., Fan, J., Zhang, F., Guo, J., Yan, S., Zhuang, Q., and Guo, L. (2021). Interactive effects of mulching practice and nitrogen rate on grain yield, water productivity, fertilizer use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of rainfed summer maize in northwest China. Agricultural Water Management, 248, 106778.
Zwart, S.J. and Bastiaansen W.G.M. (2004). Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agricultural Water Management, 69(2), 115-133. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,512 PDF Download: 288 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb